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| 1 | Retrieval of aerosol optical depth over bright targets in the urban areas of North China during winter显示文摘Two factors that affect satellite retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) are aerosol model assumptions and the separation of surface reflectance.NASA/MODIS Dense Dark Vegetation(DDV) algorithm has been proven valuable in deriving aerosol distribution and properties over land;however,it cannot be applied to bright targets.As a supplement to the DDV algorithm,an algorithm to retrieve AOD over urban areas in North China in winter is developed using MODIS data,including(1) the generation and analysis of adjacent clear-days surface reflectance using MOD09 product from 2007 to 2008,and(2) seasonal aerosol models derived from AERONET data in Beijing and Xianghe sites.Ground-based measurements using sun photometers were used to validate the retrieved AOD,and the correlation coefficient(r) is up to 0.931.Especially for high AOD values(AOD>0.4),more retrievals meet the inversion accuracy.The temporal variations of retrieval errors over urban,rural and mountain regions were examined,and the results indicated that the variation of blue-band surface reflectance is less than 0.02 in a short period except for unusual weather conditions,the retrieval bias is under 0.08,and the relative error decreases as the AOD increases. | LI ShenShen CHEN LiangFu TAO JinHua HAN Dong WANG ZhongTing SU Lin FAN Meng YU Chao | 2012 | Science China Earth Sciences2012，55，9： | 11 |
| 2 | A convolution algorithm to calculate differential cross sections of the Ring effect in the Earth's atmosphere based on rotational Raman scattering显示文摘The Ring effect refers to the filling in of Fraunhofer lines, which is mainly attributed to the rotational Raman scattering of solar spectra by N2 and O2 molecules in the atmosphere. The Ring effect is one of the most significant factors affecting the accuracy of retrieving concentrations of atmospheric trace gases, such as NO2 and SO2, from satellite observations through differential optical absorption spectroscopy. First in this study, the solar spectrum measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard NASA Aura is convolved with the rotational Raman cross section of the atmosphere, which is calculated from the rotational Raman cross sections of N2 and O2 molecules, and divided by the original solar spectrum. The slowly varying term is removed by fitting it with a cubic polynomial to obtain the differential Ring spectrum. The results agree well with the calculations using a radiative transfer model (R2=0.9663). Second, the differential Ring spectrum is computed using two fixed wavelengths of 410 nm and 488 nm, and the resulting differential Ring spectra are similar to that calculated with varying wavelengths and agree well with the calculation using the radiative transfer model (R2=0.9624 and 0.9639 respectively). The computation time using the fixed wavelength is about 0.128% of that using a varying wavelength. Finally, we found that the frequency spectrum of the Raman cross sections for the atmosphere, N2 molecules and O2 molecules are similar; thus, the Raman cross section of N2 or O2 molecules can be used to compute the approximate Ring effect for simplicity. | HAN Dong CHEN LiangFu SU Lin TAO JinHua LI ShenShen YU Chao ZHANG Ying HE BaoHua | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，9： | 4 |
| 3 | Validation and Spatiotemporal Distribution of GEOS-5-Based Planetary Boundary Layer Height and Relative Humidity in China显示文摘Few studies have specifically focused on the validation and spatiotemporal distribution of planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and relative humidity(RH) data in China. In this analysis, continuous PBLH and surface-level RH data simulated from GEOS-5 between 2004 and 2012, were validated against ground-based observations. Overall, the simulated RH was consistent with the statistical data from meteorological stations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 and a slope of 0.9. However, the simulated PBLH was underestimated compared to LIDAR data by a factor of approximately two,which was primarily because of poor simulation in late summer and early autumn. We further examined the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of two factors in four regions—North China, South China, Northwest China, and the Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the annual PBLH trends in all regions were fairly moderate but sensitive to solar radiation and precipitation, which explains why the PBLH values were ranked in order from largest to smallest as follows: Tibetan Plateau, Northwest China, North China, and South China. Strong seasonal variation of the PBLH exhibited high values in summer and low values in winter, which was also consistent with the turbulent vertical exchange. Not surprisingly, the highest RH in South China and the lowest RH in desert areas of Northwest China(less than 30%). Seasonally, South China exhibited little variation, whereas Northwest China exhibited its highest humidity in winter and lowest humidity in spring,the maximum values in the other regions were obtained from July to September. | Yidan SI Shenshen LI Liangfu CHEN Chao YU Zifeng WANG Yang WANG Hongmei WANG | 2018 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2018，35，4： | 2 |
| 4 | Phosphorylation of a wheat aquaporin at two sites enhances both plant growth and defense显示文摘Eukaryotic aquaporins share the characteristic of functional multiplicity in transporting distinct substrates and regulating various processes,but the underlying molecular basis for this is largely unknown.Here,we report that the wheat(Triticum aestivum)aquaporin TaPIP2;10 undergoes phosphorylation to promote photosynthesis and productivity and to confer innate immunity against pathogens and a generalist aphid pest.In response to elevated atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations,TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at the serine residue S280 and thereafter transports CO_(2)into wheat cells,resulting in enhanced photosynthesis and increased grain yield.In response to apoplastic H_(2)O_(2) induced by pathogen or insect attacks,TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at S121 and this phosphorylated form transports H_(2)O_(2) into the cytoplasm,where H_(2)O_(2)intensifies host defenses,restricting further attacks.Wheat resistance and grain yield could be simultaneously increased by TaPIP2;10 overexpression or by expressing a TaPIP2;10 phosphomimic with aspartic acid substitutions at S121 and S280,thereby improving both crop productivity and immunity. | Kai Lu Xiaochen Chen Xiaohui Yao Yuyan An Xuan Wang Lina Qin Xiaoxu Li Zuodong Wang Shuo Liu Zhimao Sun Liyuan Zhang Lei Chen Baoyan Li Baoyou Liu Weiyang Wang Xinhua Ding Yonghua Yang Meixiang Zhang Shenshen Zou Hansong Dong | 2022 | Molecular Plant2022，15，11： | 2 |
| 5 | High-efficiency Gaussian key reconciliation in continuous variable quantum key distribution显示文摘Efficient reconciliation is a crucial step in continuous variable quantum key distribution. The progressive-edge-growth(PEG) algorithm is an efficient method to construct relatively short block length low-density parity-check(LDPC) codes. The qua-sicyclic construction method can extend short block length codes and further eliminate the shortest cycle. In this paper, by combining the PEG algorithm and quasi-cyclic construction method, we design long block length irregular LDPC codes with high error-correcting capacity. Based on these LDPC codes, we achieve high-efficiency Gaussian key reconciliation with slice recon-ciliation based on multilevel coding/multistage decoding with an efficiency of 93.7%. | ZengLiang Bai XuYang Wang ShenShen Yang YongMin Li | 2016 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2016，59，1： | 2 |
| 6 | Performance of the MLPG method for static shakedown analysis for bounded kinematic hardening structures显示文摘 | CHEN Shenshen L1U Yinghua LI Jun | 2011 | European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids2011，30，2： | 1 |
| 7 | 5 emissions control during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games 显示文摘 | LIU Yang HE Kebin LI Shenshen A statistical model to evaluate the effectiveness of PM2 | 2012 | Environment International2012，44，： | 1 |
| 8 | Per- formance of the MLPG Method for Static Shake- down Analysis for Bounded Kinematic Hardening Structures显示文摘 | Chen Shenshen Liu Yinghua Li Jun | 2011 | European Journal of Mechanics A/ Solids2011，30，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Performance of the MLPG method for static shakedown analysis for bounded kinematic hardening structures显示文摘 | CHEN Shenshen LIU Yinghua LI Jun | 2011 | European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids2011，30，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Estimated HCFC-142b emissions in China: 2000–2050显示文摘1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane(HCFC-142b)was both ozone depleting substance under restriction of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer(Montreal Protocol)and potent greenhouse gas with high GWP.Controlling its emissions in China will contribute to both mitigating climate change and protecting ozone.A national emission inventory of HCFC-142b for China during 2000–2012 was established and projected to2050 based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Montreal Protocol,showing that(i)in contrast to the downward trend revealed by existing researches,HCFC-142b emissions kept increasing from 0.1 kt/y in 2000 to the peak of 14.4 kt/y in2012,making China a crucial contributor to global HCFC-142b emissions and(ii)for future emission projections,a continuous increase from 14.9 kt/y in 2013 to 97.2 kt/y in2050 was anticipated under the business-as-usual(BAU)scenarios,while a reduction of about 90%of the projected BAU emissions would be obtained by fulfilling the Montreal Protocol,namely an accumulative mitigation of 1578kt HCFC-142b from 2013 to 2050,equal to 103 kt ODP and 3504 Tg CO2emissions.Emissions from each province in 2012 were also estimated to identify key emission areas.Among the 31 mainland provinces in China(Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan were not included),Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shandong,and Guangdong had the highest emission ratesin 2012(2.06,1.85,1.52,and 1.04 kt/y,respectively);Zhejiang,Jiangsu,and Shanghai exhibit the strongest emission strength(0.83,0.59,and 0.54 t/km2,respectively),much higher than the average national level of 0.33t/km2. | Jiarui Han Li Li Shenshen Su Jing Wu Xuekun Fang Shenglan Jia Jianbo Zhang Jianxin Hu | 2014 | Chinese Science Bulletin2014，59，24： | 1 |
| 11 | The Inability of Japan to Adapt to China's Rise and China's Strategic Response显示文摘Since China first surpassed Japan in 2010 to become the world’s second largest economy,the continuing friction and tensions between China and Japan has intensified around issues such as the Diaoyu Islands and the East China Sea air defense identification zone.At the end of 2013,with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s visit to the Yasukuni Shrine。 | Gong Li Zhang Shenshen | 2014 | Contemporary International Relations2014，24，2： | 0 |
| 12 | MODE III 2-D FRACTURE ANALYSIS BY THE SCALED BOUNDARY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD显示文摘The scaled boundary finite element method(SBFEM)is a novel semi-analytical technique that combines the advantages of the finite element method and the boundary element method with unique properties of its own.This method has proven very efcient and accurate for determining the stress intensity factors(SIFs)for mode I and mode II two-dimensional crack problems.One main reason is that the SBFEM has a unique capacity of analytically representing the stress singularities at the crack tip.In this paper the SBFEM is developed for mode III(out of plane deformation)two-dimensional fracture analysis.In addition,cubic B-spline functions are employed in this paper for constructing the shape functions in the circumferential direction so that higher continuity between elements is obtained.Numerical examples are presented at the end to demonstrate the simplicity and accuracy of the present approach for mode III two-dimensional fracture analysis. | Shenshen Chen Qinghua Li Yinghua Liu Zhiqing Xue | 2013 | Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica2013，26，6： | 0 |
| 13 | An improved constraint method in optimal estimation of CO2 from GOSAT SWIR observations显示文摘We propose an algorithm that combines a pre-processing step applied to the a priori state vector prior to retrievals,with the modified damped Newton method(MDNM),to improve convergence.The initial constraint vector pre-processing step updates the initial state vector prior to the retrievals if the algorithm detects that the initial state vector is far from the true state vector in extreme cases where there are CO_2 emissions.The MDNM uses the Levenberg-Marquardt parameter y,which ensures a positive Hessian matrix,and a scale factor a,which adjusts the step size to optimize the stability of the convergence.While the algorithm iteratively searches for an optimized solution using observed spectral radiances,MDNM adjusts parameters y and a to achieve stable convergence.We present simulated retrieval samples to evaluate the performance of our algorithm and comparing it to existing methods.The standard deviation of our retrievals adding random noise was less than 3.8 ppmv.After pre-processing the initial estimate when it was far from the true value,the CO_2 retrieval errors in the boundary layers were within 1.2 ppmv.We tested the MDNM algorithm's performance using GOSAT L1b data with cloud screening.Our preliminary validations comparing the results to TCCON FTS measurements showed that the average bias was less than 1.8 ppm and the correlation coefficient was approximately 0.88,which was larger than for the GOSAT L2 product. | ZOU MingMin CHEN LiangFu LI ShenShen FAN Meng TAO JinHua ZHANG Ying | 2017 | Science China Earth Sciences2017，60，2： | 0 |
| 14 | Analysis of the Strategic Influence of the Ukraine Crisis显示文摘Because the Ukraine crisis involves far more than domestic conflict, the geopolitical competition between the West and Russia has heated up. This has not substantially changed power relations, but with Ukraine inclining to the West, the U.S. and Russia are strategic adversaries there. Since disagreements between Europe and Russia are moderated by energy needs, sanctions against Russia can only go so far. The sanctions, however, have meant stronger cooperation between China and Russia, putting the U.S. at a disadvantage even while it continues its Asia-Pacific 'rebalancing' strategy. | Zhang Wenzong Xue Wei Li Xuegang Zhang Shenshen | 2015 | Contemporary International Relations2015，25，1： | 0 |
| 15 | Cocatalysts in photocatalytic methane conversion: recent achievements and prospects显示文摘Photocatalysis, which performed under mild conditions by utilizing solar energy, has become a desirable technology to convert methane into highly valuable chemicals, such as methanol, ethane, and other hydrocarbons. However, pristine photocatalysts still suffer from the low utilization efficiency of solar light and the high recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers, which exhibit the low activity and selectivity for photocatalytic methane conversion. Loading cocatalysts on photocatalysts is an attractive strategy to manipulate the products' yield and selectivity of photocatalytic methane conversion due to the enhanced charge carrier separation efficiency, extended light absorption and promoted reactant adsorption/desorption kinetics. This review discusses the recent achievements of the cocatalysts for photocatalytic methane conversion reactions. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives for the development of efficient cocatalysts are presented. This review provides considerable guidelines for the design and construction of efficient cocatalysts for photocatalytic methane conversion reactions. | Chengcheng Zhang Jing Wang Shenshen Ouyang Hui Song Jinhua Ye Li Shi | 2023 | Science China Chemistry2023，66，9： | 0 |
| 16 | China's Neighboring Strategy Goals and Challenges显示文摘China’s foreign relations with its neighbors are integral to the country’s economic development and the direction of its rising political influence.China’s core goals in the region are to create a favorable regional environment for sustainable economic development;to | Li Xiangyang Zhang Shenshen | 2013 | Contemporary International Relations2013，23，6： | 0 |
| 17 | Optical properties of chain-like soot with water coatings显示文摘In a moist atmosphere,the ageing process of aerosol can make the agglomerated soot particles compact,and cause them to be covered by a water coating.Based on the cluster‒cluster aggregation(CCA)algorithm,the models of chain-like soot with water coatings(Models A to E)were generated in this study.The superposition T-matrix method was employed to calculate their optical properties at 337,550,860,and 1060 nm wavelengths,with a focus on the impact of the soot inclusion morphology and water coating.Our results indicate that for particles with a looser soot-inclusion structure,there is a larger difference in the scattering phase function between them and the corresponding particles with a spherical soot core.The largest relative difference reached 51.8%at 337 nm.Impacted by the size parameter,the extinction cross section(Cext),absorption cross section(Cabs),scattering cross section(Csca),and single scattering albedo(SSA)increased as the water coating radius(Rwater)increased and incidence wavelength decreased.The traditional assumption of a spherical soot core can cause the Cext,Cabs,and Csca to be overestimated,and cause the SSA to be underestimated when the incident wavelength is 337 nm.At 1060 nm,the assumption can cause the Cext,Cabs,and Csca to be underestimated,and lead the SSA to be overestimated.When the fractal dimension(Df)of chain-like soot inclusion increased from 1.8 to 2.6,the SSA of the particles with a Rwater of 0.20μm significantly decreased from 0.784 to 0.764 at 1060 nm.Moreover,the thickness of the water coating had a stronger effect on the particles with chain-like soot inclusion at 337 nm than that at 1060 nm.For the 337 nm wavelength,the difference between the Cext and Csca in Model B when Rwater=0.30 and 0.20μm was 0.588 and 0.587μm2,respectively.The differences were only 0.096 and 0.095μm2,respectively,for the 1060 nm wavelength.Based on the results calculated by the superposition T-matrix method,the ratios of P22(Θ)/P11(Θ)for chain-like soot with water coatings are not absolutely equal to 100%.When the Df value of aggregated soot inclusion is a constant,P22(Θ)/P11(Θ)decreased as the volume ratio of soot inclusion to the water droplet increased.Therefore,the ratio of P22(Θ)/P11(Θ)can be potentially used as an optical indicator to describe the morphology of non-spherical and/or inhomogeneous particles(or inclusion)for internal aerosol,fog,or cloud particles.Generally,although the thickness of the water coating,to a large extent,dominates the optical properties of the internal mixtures,the morphology of aggregated soot inclusion is a key factor for causing uncertainties in optical parameters.This is especially so when the volume ratio of the soot inclusion and water droplet is large,and the structure of the soot inclusion is loose. | Meng Fan Liangfu Chen Liangxiao Cheng Benben Xu Jinhua Tao Shenshen Li | 2019 | Particuology2019，17，6： | 0 |
| 18 | MYB44 regulates PTI by promoting the expression of EIN2 and MPK3/6 in Arabidopsis显示文摘The plant signaling pathway that regulates pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)involves mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades that comprise sequential activation of several protein kinases and the ensuing phosphorylation of MAPKs,which activate transcription factors(TFs)to promote downstream defense responses.To identify plant TFs that regulate MAPKs,we investigated TF-defective mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified MYB44 as an essential constituent of the PTI pathway.MYB44 confers resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae by cooperating with MPK3 and MPK6.Under PAMP treatment,MYB44 binds to the promoters of MPK3 and MPK6 to activate their expression,leading to phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 proteins.In turn,phosphorylated MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylate MYB44 in a functionally redundant manner,thus enabling MYB44 to activate MPK3 and MPK6 expression and further activate downstream defense responses.Activation of defense responses has also been attributed to activation of EIN2 transcription by MYB44,which has previously been shown to affect PAMP recognition and PTI development.AtMYB44 thus functions as an integral component of the PTI pathway by connecting transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the MPK3/6 cascade. | Zuodong Wang Xiaoxu Li Xiaohui Yao Jinbiao Ma Kai Lu Yuyan An Zhimao Sun Qian Wang Miao Zhou Lina Qin Liyuan Zhang Shenshen Zou Lei Chen Congfeng Song Hansong Dong Meixiang Zhang Xiaochen Chen | 2023 | Plant Communications2023，4，6： | 0 |
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