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| 1 | Global leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry and their scaling exponent显示文摘Leaf nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) concentrations constrain photosynthetic and metabolic processes,growth and the productivity of plants. Their stoichiometry and scaling relationships regulate the allocation of N and P from subcellular to organism, and even ecosystem levels, and are crucial to the modelling of plant growth and nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Prior work has revealed a general biogeographic pattern of leaf N and P stoichiometric relationships and shown that leaf N scales roughly as two-thirds the power of P. However, determining whether and how leaf N and P stoichiometries, especially their scaling exponents, change with functional groups and environmental conditions requires further verification. In this study, we compiled a global data set and documented the global leaf N and P concentrations and the N:P ratios by functional group, climate zone and continent. The global overall mean leaf N and P concentrations were 18.9 mg g^(-1) and 1.2 mg g^(-1), respectively, with significantly higher concentrations in herbaceous than woody plants(21.72 mg g^(-1) vs. 18.22 mg g^(-1) for N; and 1.64 mg g^(-1) vs. 1.10 mg g^(-1) for P). Both leaf N and P showed higher concentrations at high latitudes than low latitudes. Among six continents, Europe had the highest N and P concentrations(20.79 and 1.54 mg g^(-1)) and Oceania had the smallest values(10.01 and 0.46 mg g^(-1)). These numerical values may be used as a basis for the comparison of other individual studies. Further, we found that the scaling exponent varied significantly across different functional groups,latitudinal zones, ecoregions and sites. The exponents of herbaceous and woody plants were 0.659 and0.705, respectively, with significant latitudinal patterns decreasing from tropical to temperate to boreal zones. At sites with a sample size ≥10, the values fluctuated from 0.366 to 1.928, with an average of 0.841.Several factors including the intrinsic attributes of different life forms, P-related growth rates and relative nutrient availability of soils likely account for the inconstant exponents of leaf N vs. P scaling relationships. | Di Tian Zhengbing Yan Karl J.Niklas Wenxuan Han Jens Kattge Peter B.Reich Yongkai Luo Yahan Chen Zhiyao Tang Huifeng Hu Ian J.Wright Bernhard Schmid Jingyun Fang | 2018 | National Science Review2018，5，5： | 24 |
| 2 | The uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and the vicariance speciation of glyptosternoid fishes (Siluriformes: Sisoridae)显示文摘Based on the phylogenetic and biogeographical studies of the glyptosternoid fishes in Qinghai-Tibet area, the following hypothesis is proposed: the speciation of this group has a direct relationship with the three uplift intervals of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This process was explained by the theory of vicariance of biogeography. The ancestor of this group was similar to Bagarus and/or Glyptothorax, which still have a wide distribution. At the moment when the Tethys sea closed, the Indian tectonic plate collided with the Eurasian tectonic plate, so the Glyptothorax-like and Bagarus-like ancestors entered Eurasia and gradually became widely distributed. After the Pleistocene, with the enforced colliding, the gradual uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau brought about the current water environment, and the Glyptosternoids were generated from Glyptothorax-like fish under this environment. The present Glyptosternum, distributed across the Himalayas is the ancestor of Glyptosternoids. In the three uplift intervals of the plateau, the water system of this region was separated gradually and Glyptosternum-like ancestor was isolated in different rivers and evolved into various species. All this resulted in the speciation and formation of the biogeographical pattern of glyptosternoids. | 何舜平 曹文宣 陈宜瑜 | 2001 | Science China(Life Sciences)2001，44，6： | 14 |
| 3 | Phylofloristics:an example from the Lesser Antilles显示文摘Aims The last decade has seen many plant ecologists integrating phylogenetic analysis into ecology to explain patterns of species cooccurrence and compositional similarity across assemblages.Despite the advances in this area,there are still some challenges that need to be addressed.One challenge is that most of the phylogenetic studies of plant assemblages have focused only on a small proportion of all of the vascular plants that co-occur(e.g.woody plants),while much of the remaining co-occurring flora has been ignored.Methods Here we introduce an analytical approach that we term phylofloristics that analyzes the compositional similarity of floras in relation to spatial and environmental gradients to understand their assembly.As an illustration,we assembled a large phylogenetic tree for the flora of the Lesser Antilles and evaluated the patterns of floristic and phylofloristic similarity among the island-specific floras.We analyzed the relationship of these similarities with spatial and environmental distance and compared the results for non-endemic and endemic lineages.Important Findings The results show a major influence of environmental heterogeneity on the assembly of island floras and far less evidence for the importance of dispersal limitation of lineages and species.This study highlights the importance of incorporating broader taxonomic sampling to improve our understanding of assembly processes in ecology.We expect future phylofloristic studies will improve the approach we have taken by generating more refined phylogenetic trees and by incorporating phylogeographic information. | Nathan G.Swenson María N.Umaña | 2014 | Journal of Plant Ecology2014，7，2： | 12 |
| 4 | Diversity and paleobiogeographic distribution patterns of Early and Middle Ordovician graptolites in distinct depositional environments of South China显示文摘An analysis of Ordovician graptolite diversity across several distinct lithofacies belts in South China,which represent nearshore,inner-shelf,outer-shelf,slope,and basin environments,indicates that diversity increases progressively from nearshore toward the outer-shelf,acquiring its maximum in the slope facies and thereafter decreases slightly in basinal facies.When scaled against graptolite zones and more equal duration 'Time Units',the graptolite diversity patterns of the Early and Middle Ordovician are broadly similar among the distinct environments of South China but exhibit some important differences.A synthesized graptolite diversity curve from the Early Ordovician to the Sandbian Stage of the Late Ordovician in South China displays a step-wise increase with three peaks:1) middle Floian(Early Ordovician),2) late Dapingian-early Darriwilian(Middle Ordovician),and 3) latest Darriwilian(Middle Ordovician),which closely coincide with transgressive events in South China,implying a likely correlation.The biogeographic distribution of four graptolites with different ecological preferences,Pseudisograptus,Isograptus-Parisograptus,Undulograptus austrodentatus,and Corymbograptus turgidus,displays a significant parallelism with the coast or shelf margin,suggesting that their distributions may be controlled by water depth,basin morphology,and the distance from the coast. | Dan GOLDMAN | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，12： | 10 |
| 5 | Taxonomic Diversity of Agamid Lizards(Reptilia, Sauria, Acrodonta, Agamidae) from China: A Comparative Analysis显示文摘Results of the analysis of taxonomic diversity and representation of different evolutionary lineages of agamid lizards(Reptilia, Sauria, Agamidae) are provided in this article. For comparison with the fauna of China, the following territories were selected: North Eurasia, Iran and different countries of South and Southeast Asia. There are 49 agamid species in China, comprising 12 genera and 4 subfamilies. Annotated check-list and identification keys to genera are provided. Among the 49 species of agamids present in China, the percent of endemic species is relatively high(22 species; 45%). Endemic species refer to 4 genera with the genus Japalura having the most, 10 of 14 species, proceeded by members of Tibetan Plateau lineage of Phrynocephalus, 8 of 12 species, and Calotes with 1 species and Laudakia with 3. | Natalia B. ANANJEVA Xianguang GUO Yuezhao WANG | 2011 | Asian Herpetological Research2011，2，3： | 8 |
| 6 | Historical biogeography of Melicope (Rutaceae)and its close relatives with a special emphasis on Pacific dispersals显示文摘The genus Melicope (Rutaceae)occurs on most Pacific archipelagos and is perfectly suited to study Pacific biogeography.The main goal was to infer the age,geographic origin and colonization patterns of Melicope and its relatives.We sequenced three nuclear and two plastid markers for 332specimens that represent 164species in 16genera of Rutaceae.Phylogenetic reconstruction,molecular dating,ancestral area reconstruction and diversification analyses were carried out.The two main clades (Acronychia-Melicope and Euodia)originated in Australasia and their crown ages are dated to the Miocene.Diversification rates differed among the subclades and were lowest in the Euodia lineage and highest in the Hawaiian Melicope lineage.The Malagasy and Mascarene species form a clade,which split from its SE Asian relatives in the Pliocene/P[eistocene.At least eight colonizations to the Pacific islands occurred.The timing of all colonizations except for the Hawaiian group is congruent with age of the island ages.Australia,New Guinea and New Caledonia have been the source of colonizations into the Pacific islands in the Melicope clade.Melicope shows high dispersability and has colonized remote archipelagos such as the. Austral and Marquesas Islands each twice.Colonization of islands of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain likely predates the ages of the current main islands,and the initial colonization to Kaua'i occurred after the splitting of the Hawaiian.lineage into two subclades.Wider ecological niches and adaptations to bird-dispersal likely account for the much higher species richness in the Acronychia-Melicope clade compared to the Euodia clade. | Marc S.Appelhans Jun Wen Marco Duretto Darren Crayn Warren L.Wagner | 2018 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2018，56，6： | 8 |
| 7 | Origins of the Hawaiian flora:Phylogenies and biogeography reveal patterns of long-distance dispersal显示文摘Botanists have long considered the origins of the Hawaiian flora in terms of long-distance dispersal from particular source areas.We extensively reviewed phylogenetic studies of the Hawaiian angiosperm flora to determine the most likely region of origin for each lineage from a defined set of source areas.We also evaluated dispersal modes of each lineage to assess whether certain dispersal modes are associated with a given source area. The largest source category was Widespread (involving related taxa that extend across more than one region), although many of these comprised native non-endemic species,and accounted for little of the total species diversity (after accounting for in situ speciation).The next largest source regions were Indo-Malayan and Neotropical. Comparatively few lineages originated from the East Asian region,although these include the single largest lineage. Lineages originating in the Indo-Malayan region predominantly arrived via Pacific islands,whereas dispersal from all other regions appears to have been mostly direct.Compared with previous analyses,we found a higher proportion of lineages originating in the Neotropics and temperate North America.Widespread origins were positively associated with dispersal via flotation on water,whereas other origins were associated with dispersal by birds, either through internal transport or external adhesion.We identified thirty-one potential cases of dispersal out of Hawaii to other islands.Our assessment is complicated by lineages with ancient origins,with further complications likely stemming from hybridization events.Overall,numerous lineages including some distinctive endemic genera have not had sufficient phylogenetic study to determine an origin. | Jonathan P.Price Warren L.Wagner | 2018 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2018，56，6： | 8 |
| 8 | Extinct genus Lagokarpos reveals a biogeographic connection between Tibet and other regions in the Northern Hemisphere during the Paleogene显示文摘The biodiversity history on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)has remained unclear for a long time.Recent paleobotanical investigations provide opportunities for revealing the phytogeographic history on the QTP in deep time and for testing phylogeographic hypotheses.Lagokarpos is an extinct genus with unknown modern affinities.It is easily distinguished by its fruits,which have two long wings and an elliptical fruit body.Previously,Lagokarpos fossils have only been found from North America and Germany,ranging from the latest Paleogene to early middle Eocene.Recently,we found fossil fruits of this genus from the Niubao Formation,near Bangoin County in the central QTP.A new species,namely Lagokarpos tibetensis H.Tang,T.Su&Z.K.Zhou sp.nov.,is described.This is the first fossil record of the genus in Asia.The occurrence of L tibetensis indicates a close floristic linkage between the QTP and other floras in the Northern Hemisphere during the Paleogene.According to the floristic assemblages,we suggest the central QTP experienced a tropical or subtropical humid climate during that period. | He Tang Jia Liu Fei-Xiang Wu Teresa Spicer Robert A.Spicer Wei-Yu-Dong Deng Cong-Li Xu Fan Zhao Jian Huang Shu-Feng Li Tao Su Zhe-Kun Zhou | 2019 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2019，57，6： | 7 |
| 9 | Medicinal plants of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Daodi:Insights fromphylogeny and biogeography显示文摘Objective: The Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015) includes 584 plant medicines, of which 284 also contain high quality subsets, so called 'Daodi' components, where Daodi denotes superior clinical properties compared to non-Daodi counterparts despite being sourced from the same species. Commercial and clinical drivers of selection for Daodi have been described elsewhere. Our objective is to investigate the overall composition of Daodi to determine in what ways medicines with Daodi as a whole differ from the other plants of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. A further objective is to characterise the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Daodi in terms of the plant species including their traits and distribution.Methods: We used trait analysis to identify whether Daodi species were significantly different from the remaining Chinese Pharmacopoeia plant species in any traits. We used biogeographic methods and an existing classification of Daodi into 10 regions to identify spatial patterns amongst the species. Regression and binomial analyses were used to test for over-and under-use of plant families and endemic species.Preferences for lineages were visualized using phylogenetic mapping.Results: We found that Daodi species(species with any Daodi subset) were more likely to be roots that are 'hot' or 'warm', and less likely to be 'oxic', according to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) concepts. Roots were over-represented in the Bei region, and whole plants over-represented in Guang. Both the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Daodi indicated preferences for families not common in previously studied ethnopharmacopoeias, and fewer endemic species were represented than expected by chance.Conclusion: Using the phylogenetic and biogeographical methods, we highlighted patterns of plant use,and the biological characters of Daodi medicinal plants. Our study points towards cultural preferences in need of scientific explanation. | Di Lei Jie wu Christine Leon Lin-fang Huang Julie A.Hawkins | 2018 | Chinese Herbal Medicines2018，10，3： | 7 |
| 10 | Combined community ecology and floristics,a synthetic study on the upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forests in Yunnan,southwestern China显示文摘The upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan occurs mainly in the zone of persistent cloud and has a discontinuous,island-like,distribution.It is diverse,rich in endemic species,and likely to be sensitive to climate change.Six 1-ha sampling plots were established across the main distribution area of the upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan.All trees with d.b.h.>1 cm in each plot were identified.Patterns of seed plant distributions were quantified at the specific,generic and family levels.The forests are dominated by the families Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Theaceae and Magnoliaceae,but are very diverse with only a few species shared between sites.Floristic similarities at the family and generic level were high,but they were low at the specific level,with species complementarity between plots.Diversity varied greatly among sites,with greater species richness and more rare species in western Yunnan than central Yunnan.The flora is dominated by tropical biogeographical elements,mainly the pantropic and the tropical Asian distributions at the family and genus levels.In contrast,at the species level,the flora is dominated by the southwest or the southeast China distributions,including Yunnan endemics.This suggests that the flora of the upper montane forest in Yunnan could have a tropical floristic origin,and has adapted to cooler temperatures with the uplift of the Himalayas.Due to great sensitivity to climate,high endemism and species complementarity,as well as the discontinuous,island-like,distribution patterns of the upper montane forest in Yunnan,the regional conservation of the forest is especially needed. | Hua Zhu Yong Chai Shisun Zhou Lichun Yan Jipu Shi Guoping Yang | 2016 | Plant Diversity2016，38，6： | 6 |
| 11 | Into Africa via docked India: a fossil climbing perch from the Oligocene of Tibet helps solve the anabantid biogeographical puzzle显示文摘The northward drift of the Indian Plate and its collision with Eurasia have profoundly impacted the evolutionary history of the terrestrial organisms, especially the ones along the Indian Ocean rim. Climbing perches(Anabantidae) are primary freshwater fishes showing a disjunct south Asian-African distribution,but with an elusive paleobiogeographic history due to the lack of fossil evidence. Here, based on an updated time-calibrated anabantiform phylogeny integrating a number of relevant fossils, the divergence between Asian and African climbing perches is estimated to have occurred in the middle Eocene(ca.40 Ma, Ma: million years ago), a time when India had already joined with Eurasia. The key fossil lineage is ?Eoanabas, the oldest anabantid known so far, from the upper Oligocene of the Tibetan Plateau.Ancestral range reconstructions suggest a Southeast Asian origin in the early Eocene(ca. 48 Ma) and subsequent dispersals to Tibet and then India for this group. Thereby we propose their westbound dispersal to Africa via the biotic bridge between India and Africa. If so, climbing perch precursors had probably followed the paleobiogeographical route of snakehead fishes, which have a slightly older divergence between African and Asian taxa. As such, our study echoes some recent molecular analyses in rejecting the previously held ‘‘Gondwana continental drift vicariance' or late Mesozoic dispersal scenarios for the climbing perches, but provides a unique biogeographical model to highlight the role of the preuplift Tibet and the docked India in shaping the disjunct distribution of some air-breathing freshwater fishes around the Indian Ocean. | Feixiang Wu Dekui He Gengyu Fang Tao Deng | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，7： | 6 |
| 12 | Phylogeny and spatio-temporal diversification of Prunus subgenus Laurocerasus section Mesopygeum (Rosaceae) in the Malesian region显示文摘The goals of this study were to reconstruct the phylogeny of Prunus subgenus Laurocerasus section Mesopygeum and to provide a preliminary assessment of its spatio-temporal diversification in the Malesian region.We inferred the phylogeny using nuclear ITS and ETS and plastid psbA-trnH,rps16,rph6,and trnC-petN sequences.Our analyses support the monophyly of sect.Mesopygeum.Within sect.Mesopygeum,we identified four main subclades: (i)Prunus lancilimba from continental Asia;(ii)Prunus ruthii from Malay Peninsula;(iii)a subclade comprising species from areas centered on the Sunda shelf and also a few species from continental Asia and Wallacea;and (iv)a subclade composed of species from areas of the Sahul shelf,with a small number of taxa also from areas of the Sunda shelf, continental Asia,and the Philippines.We estimated that sect.Mesopygeum originated in continental Asia at c.44.71 Mya (95%HPD-31.66-46.90).Nine dispersals between maior geographic areas were inferred.From continental Asia, three and two dispersals were inferred to the 5unda shelf and the Sahul shelf in the mid-Oligocene,respectively.Two dispersals were inferred from the Sahul shelf region to the Sunda shelf in late Oligecene and early Miocene, respectively.There were also two dispersals inferred from the Sunda shelf region,one to the Philippines and one to Wallacea,in the middle and late Miocene,respectively.The diversification in sect.Mesopygeum was likely driven by active geologic events and orogenies in the Neogene in the Malesian region. | Liang Zhao Daniel Potter Yuan Xu Pei-Liang Liu Gabriel Johnson Zhao-Yang Chang Jun Wen | 2018 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2018，56，6： | 5 |
| 13 | Out of the Pan-Himalaya:Evolutionary history of the Paeoniaceae revealed by phylogenomics显示文摘Peonies(the Paeoniaceae,Paeonia L.)are famous garden flowers,medicinal plants,and edible oil crops,but their evolutionary history largely remains unknown.To probe into their phylogenetic relationships,evolutionary history,formation of present distribution pattern,and origins of tetraploids,we sequenced 25 fragments belonging to 20 single copy nuclear genes and 14 chloroplast regions of all species in the genus to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships,date the divergence times of lineages,infer the ancestral biogeographical regions,and document the parents of tetraploids.Our results show that Paeoniaceae separated from the other members in Saxifragales in the Campanian of the late Cretaceous and diverged into two clades,woody and herbaceous clades,in the late Oligocene or early Miocene.They survived and early diverged in the Pan-Himalaya where they migrated eastwards to East Asia and further to NW America,and northwards to Middle Asia,and further to Europe.The woody lineage differentiated into two sublineages with accelerated root or floral disk evolution,while the herbaceous lineage diverged into five sublineages.Multiple glacial and interglacial cycles in Europe in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene created opportunities for the peony species to meet and hybridize in the Mediterranean refugia,giving rise to eight allotetraploid species and four infraspecific tetraploids.Paeonia daurica Andrews,P.obovata Maxim.,and P.tenuifolia L.served as the most important parents.The phylogeny of Paeonia L.implies that a new taxonomic system with two subgenera and seven sections should be proposed. | Shi-Liang Zhou Chao Xu Jing Liu Yan Yu Ping Wu Tao Cheng De-Yuan Hong | 2021 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2021，59，6： | 5 |
| 14 | A comprehensive census of lake microbial diversity on a global scale显示文摘Despite recent interest in microbial diversity and community structure of lakes across various spatial scales, a global biogeographic distribution pattern and its controlling factors have not been fully disclosed. Here, we compiled and analyzed 88,334,735 environmental 16S rRNA sequences from 431 lakes across a wide range of geographical distance and environmental conditions(in particular, salinity, 0–373.3 gL^–1). Our results showed that lake sediments inhabit significantly(ANOVA: P<0.001) more diverse microbial communities than lake waters. Non-metric dimensional scaling(NMDS) ordinations indicated that microbial community compositions differed distinctly among sample types(freshwater vs. saline, water vs. sediment) and geographic locations. Mantel and partial Mantel tests showed that microbial community composition in lake water was significantly(P=0.001) correlated with geographic distance, salinity, and pH. Statistical analyses based on neutral community and null models indicated that stochastic processes may play predominant roles in shaping the microbial biogeographic distribution patterns in the studied global lake waters. The dispersal-related stochasticity(e.g., homogenizing dispersal) exhibited a stronger influence on the distribution of microbial community in freshwater lakes than in saline lakes. Overall, this work expands our understanding of the impact of geographic distance, environmental conditions, and stochastic processes on microbial distribution in global lakes. | Jian Yang Hongchen Jiang Hailiang Dong Yongqin Liu | 2019 | Science China(Life Sciences)2019，62，10： | 5 |
| 15 | Asymmetric biotic interchange across the Bering land bridge between Eurasia and North America显示文摘The exchange of biotas between Eurasia and North America across the Bering land bridge had a major impact on ecosystems of both continents throughout the Cenozoic. This exchange has received particular attention regarding placental mammals dispersing into the Americas, including humans after the last glacial period, and also as an explanation for the disjunct distribution of related seed plants in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Here, we investigate bi-directional dispersal across the Bering land bridge from estimates of dispersal events based on time-calibrated phylogenies of a broad range of plant, fungus and animal taxa. We reveal a long-lasting phase of asymmetrical biotic interchange, with a peak of dispersal from Asia into North America during the late Oligocene warming(26–24 Ma), when dispersal in the opposite direction was greatly decreased. Influx from North America into Asia was lower than in the opposite direction throughout the Cenozoic, but with peak rates of dispersal at the end of the Eocene(40–34 Ma)and again in the early to middle Miocene(16–14 Ma). The strong association between dispersal patterns and environmental changes suggests that plants, fungi and animals have likely dispersed from stable to perturbed environments of North America and Eurasia throughout the Cenozoic. | Dechun Jiang Sebastian Klaus Ya-Ping Zhang David M.Hillis Jia-Tang Li | 2019 | National Science Review2019，6，4： | 5 |
| 16 | Molecular diversity and biogeography of benthic ciliates in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea显示文摘This study explored the molecular diversity and biogeography of benthic ciliates in Chinese marginal seas, the Bohai Sea(BHS), North Yellow Sea(NYS) and South Yellow Sea(SYS). From a previous 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing dataset of the benthic microeukaryotes, we retrieved the sequences affiliated with phylum Ciliophora and analyzed alpha and beta diversities of ciliate communities. We found that BHS had the highest ciliate operational taxonomic unit(OTU) richness than NYS and SYS, whereas the richness was not significantly different between summer and winter. Among all the measured environmental variables, water depth showed consistently the strongest correlations with alpha diversities. Overall, the class Spirotrichea(mostly Choreotrichia and unassigned lineages within the class) dominated the communities in terms of both relative proportion of sequences(77.0%) and OTU richness(66.5%). OTU-level ciliate community structure was significant different among the three basins, but not between the seasons. Structurally, significant differences in relative proportion among the basins were detected for the class Litostomatea, but not for other classes. Partial Mantel tests demonstrated that water depth difference was more important than geographic and environment distances in shaping the community structure of benthic ciliates in the studied area. About 60% OTUs were not assigned at a class or order level and at least 45% OTUs shared a sequence similarity no more than 97% with the described species, indicating a great potential for ciliate species discovery in the offshore sediments. Compared with previous morphology-based surveys, the spatial pattern of ciliate diversity(decreasing from NYS to SYS) is also identified in the present study. Nevertheless, structurally, the dominant class appeared to be Spirotrichea in the sequencing dataset, which differs from previous morphology-based results(dominance of classes Prostomatea and Karyorelictea in biomass). The potential causes for the discrepancies between molecular and morphological findings are also discussed. | Guihao Li Lei Su Qianqian Zhang Xiaoli Zhang Jun Gong | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，2： | 4 |
| 17 | Fossil leaves of Berhamniphyllum(Rhamnaceae) from Markam,Tibet and their biogeographic implications显示文摘A new occurrence of buckthorn fossil leaves is reported from the upper Eocene strata of Markam Basin,southeastern Tibet,China.The leaf margin is either entire or slightly sinuous.Secondary veins are regularly spaced,forming eucamptodromous venation.These secondaries exist as straight lines from midvein to near margin and then arch abruptly upward and enter into a margin vein.The tertiary veins are densely spaced and parallel,and are percurrent to secondary veins.This leaf architecture conforms with Berhamniphyllum Jones and Dilcher,an extinct fossil genus reported from America.Our fossils are characterized by their dense secondaries,with secondary veins on the upper half portion of the blade accounting for over 40%of all secondaries.A new species,Berhamniphyllum junrongiae Z.K.Zhou,T.X.Wang et J.Huang sp.nov.,is proposed.Further analysis shows that confident assignment among Rhamnidium,Berchemia,and Karwinskia cannot be made based on leaf characters alone.Berhamniphyllum might represent an extinct common ancestor of these genera.In this study,several fossil Berchemia from Yunnan and Shandong are emended and reassigned to Berhamniphyllum.A new complex,namely the Berchemia Complex,is proposed based on morphology,molecular evidence,and the fossil record.This complex contains the fossil leaves of Rhamnidium,Karwinskia,Berchemia,and Berhamniphyllum.The historical biogeography of the Berchemia Complex is also discussed in this paper.This complex might have originated in the late Cretaceous in Colombia,South America,and dispersed to North America via Central America during the Eocene.Subsequently,the complex moved from North America to East Asia via the Bering Land Bridge no later than the late Eocene.Besides,the complex migrated from North America to Europe via the North Atlantic Land Bridge and then migrated further to Africa.In East Asia,it first appeared in Markam on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,and then dispersed to other regions of Asia. | Zhekun ZHOU Tengxiang WANG Jian HUANG Jia LIU Weiyudong DENG Shihu LI Chenglong DENG Tao SU | 2020 | Science China Earth Sciences2020，63，2： | 4 |
| 18 | Species delimitation in the White-faced Cuckoo-dove(Turacoena manadensis) based on bioacoustic data显示文摘Background: The White-faced Cuckoo-dove(Turacoena manadensis) is a poorly-known Wallacean endemic with a limited distribution on Sulawesi and its satellites, including the Togian, Banggai and Sula archipelagoes. In 1900, populations from the Sula archipelago were awarded subspecies status T. manadensis sulaensis based on smaller size and minor differences in plumage; however, this distinction has not been corroborated subsequently, and T. manadensis is considered by most modern sources to be monotypic across its range.Methods: We conducted vocal analysis of the cuckoo-doves' main song using recordings collected from across the taxon's natural range. Descriptive information on the songs was obtained from the recordings using bioacoustic analysis software, after which several statistical methods were used to investigate differences in vocalizations among populations.Results: We report deep bioacoustic divergences in vocal trait pattern from across the cuckoo-doves' range, with birds from Peleng and Taliabu in the east having a different vocal trait pattern from birds from Sulawesi, Buton, and Togian in the west. These patterns agree with changes in landmass that accompanied the sea level fluctuations caused by Pleistocene glacial cycles, and indicate that eastern and western cuckoo-dove populations are at the level of different biological species.Conclusions: We propose that the eastern taxon be elevated to species level as T. sulaensis. Given the rampant degree of habitat destruction in its limited range, this taxonomic change will have important implications on the conservation status of T. sulaensis. | Nathaniel S.R.Ng Frank E.Rheindt | 2016 | Chinese Birds2016，，1： | 3 |
| 19 | Plastome phylogenomic insights into the Sino-Japanese biogeography of Diabelia(Caprifoliaceae)显示文摘Understanding the causes of the Sino-Japanese disjunctions in plant taxa has been a central question in eastern Asian biogeography,with vicariance or long-distance dispersal often invoked to explain such patterns.Diabelia Landrein(Caprifoliaceae;Linnaeoideae)comprises four shrubby species with a Sino-Japanese disjunct distribution.The species diversification time within Diabelia,covering a long geological history of the formation process of the Sino-Japanese flora,dated back to the middle Oligocene,therefore,Diabelia would be an ideal model to elucidate the biogeographic patterns of Sino-Japanese disjunctions with climate fluctuation.In this study,we analyzed complete plastome sequence data for 28 individuals representing all four species of Diabelia.These 28 plastomes were found to be highly similar in overall size(156243-157578 bp),structure,gene order,and content.Our phylogenomic analysis of the plastomes supported a close relationship between Diabelia ionostachya(Nakai)Landrein&R.L.Barrett var.wenzhouensis(S.L.Zhou ex Landrein)Landrein from eastern China and Diabelia spathulata(Siebold&Zucc.)Landrein var.spathulata from Japan.Diabelia serrata(Siebold&Zucc.)Landrein was identified as sister to a population of Diabelia sanguinea(Makino)Landrein from Tochigi in central Japan and D.spathulata Landrein,from Toyama,central Japan.Most Diabelia lineages were estimated to have differentiated 8-28 Mya.Our results indicate that two independent vicariance events could explain the disjunction between Japan and Korea in the mid to late Miocene,and between Zhejiang and Japan in the early Miocene. | Hong-Xin Wang Michael J.Moore Russell L.Barrett Sven Landrein Shota Sakaguchi Masayuki Maki Jun Wen Hua-Feng Wang | 2020 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2020，58，6： | 3 |
| 20 | Phylogenomics,biogeography,and evolution of the blue-or white-fruited dogwoods(Cornus)-Insights into morphological and ecological niche divergence following intercontinental geographic isolation显示文摘The eastern Asian(EA)-eastem North American(ENA)floristic disjunction represents a major pattern of phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere.Despite 20 years of studies dedicated to identification of taxa that display this disjunct pattern,its origin and evolution remain an open question,especially regarding postisolation evolution.The blue-or white-fruited dogwoods(BW)are the most species-rich among the four major clades of Cornus L.,consisting of-35 species divided into three subgenera(subg.Yinquania,subg.Mesomora,and subg.Kraniopsis).The BW group provides an excellent example of the EA-ENA floristic disjunction for biogeographic study due to its diversity distribution centered in eastern Asia and eastern North America,yet its species relationships and delineation have remained poorly understood.In this study,we combined genome-wide markers from RAD-seq,morphology,fossils,and climate data to understand species relationships,biogeographic history,and ecological niche and morphological evolution.Our phylogenomic analyses with RAxML and MrBayes recovered a strongly supported and well-resolved phylogeny of the BW group with three intercontinental disjunct clades in EA and ENA or Eurasia and North America,of which two are newly identified within subg.Kraniopsis.These analyses also recovered a potential new species but failed to resolve relationships within the C.hemsleyi-C.schindleri complex.In an effort to develop an approach to reduce computation time,analysis of different nodal age settings in treePL suggests setting a node's minimum age constraint to the lower bound of a fossil's age range to obtain similar ages to that of BEAST.Divergence time analyses with BEAST and treePL dated the BW stem back to the very Late Cretaceous and the divergence of the three subgenera in the Paleogene.By integrating fossil ages and morphology,a total evidence-based dating approach was used in conjunction with time-slice probabilities of dispersal under a DEC model to resolve ancestral ranges of each disjunct in the Miocene:Eurasia and ENA(disjunct 1),EA and western North America(disjunct 2),and EA(disjunct 3).The dated biogeographic history supports dispersal via the North Atlantic Land Bridge in the late Paleogene in disjunct 1 and dispersal via the Bering Land Bridge in the Miocene for disjuncts 2 and 3.Character mapping with a stochastic model in phytools and comparison of ecological niche,morphospace,and rate of evolution indicated differential divergence patterns in morphology,ecological niche,and molecules between disjunct sisters.Although morphological stasis was observed in most of the characters,evolutionary changes in growth habit and some features of leaf,flower,and fruit morphology occurred in one or both sister clades.A significant differentiation of ecological habitats in temperature,precipitation,and elevation between disjunct sisters was observed,suggesting a role of niche divergence in morphological evolution post-isolation.The patterns of evolutionary rate between morphology and molecules varied among disjunct clades and were not always congruent between morphology and molecules,suggesting cases of non-neutral morphological evolution driven by ecological selection.Our phylogenetic evidence and comparisons of evolutionary rate among disjunct lineages lend new insights into the formation of the diversity anomaly between EA and ENA,with particular support of an early diversification in EA.These findings,in conjunction with previous studies,again suggest that the EA-ENA disjunct floras are an assembly of lineages descended from the Mesophytic Forests that evolved from the early Paleogene“boreotropical flora”through varied evolutionary pathways across lineages. | Kira Lindelof Julieta ALindo Wenbin Zhou Xiang Ji Qiu-Yun(Jenny)Xiang | 2020 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2020，58，5： | 3 |
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