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| 1 | Molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in humans in Southern Ethiopia:a triosephosphate isomerase gene-targeted analysis显示文摘Background:Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of multiple genetically distinct assemblages.The species imposes a major public health crisis on developing countries.However,the molecular diversity,transmission dynamics and risk factors of the species in these countries are indeterminate.This study was conducted to determine the molecular epidemiology of G.duodenalis infection in asymptomatic individuals in Southern Ethiopia.Methods:From March to June 2014,fresh stool samples were collected from 590 randomly selected individuals.Socio-demographic data were gathered using a pre-tested structured questionnaire.The genotyping was done using triosephosphate isomerase gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing.The genetic identity and relatedness of isolates were determined using the basic local alignment search tool and phylogenetic analysis.Risk factors associated with G.duodenalis infection were analysed using binary and multinomial logistic regression models.Results:The results showed that 18.1%(92/509)of the study subjects were infected by G.duodenalis.Among the isolates,35.9%(33/92)and 21.7%(20/92)were sub-typed into assemblages A and B,respectively,whereas 42.4%(39/92)showed mixed infections of A and B.Most of the assemblage A isolates(94%,31/33)were 100%identical to sequences registered in GenBank,of which the majority belonged to sub-assemblage AII.However,the high genetic variability and frequency of double peaks made sub-genotyping of assemblage B more problematic and only 20%(4/20)of the isolates matched 100%with the sequences.The risk factors of age(P=0.032)and type of drinking water source(P=0.003)both showed a significant association with the occurrence G.duodenalis infection.Conclusions:This study established the endemicity of G.duodenalis in Southern Ethiopia.Infection with assemblage A was more frequent than with assemblage B,and the rate of infection was higher in children and in municipal/tap and open spring water consumers than the other groups.Sub-typing of assemblage B and determining the origin of double peaks were challenging.The present study confirms the need for further inclusive studies to be conducted focusing on sub-types of assemblage B and the origin of heterogeneity. | Mengistu Damitie Zeleke Mekonnen Tadesse Getahun Dante Santiago Luc Leyns | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Reaching the last mile:main challenges relating to and recommendations to accelerate onchocerciasis elimination in Africa显示文摘Background:Onchocerciasis(river blindness),caused by the filarial worm speciesOnchocerca volvulus,is a serious vector-borne neglected tropical disease(NTD)of public health and socioeconomic concern.It is transmitted through the bite of black flies of the genusSimulium,and manifested in dermal and ocular lesions.Ninety-nine percent of the total global risk and burden of onchocerciasis is in Africa.This scoping review examines the key challenges related to the elimination of onchocerciasis by 2020-2025 in Africa,and proposes recommendations to overcome the challenges and accelerate disease elimination.To find relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals,a search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out.Main text:Rigorous regional interventions carried out to control and eliminate onchocerciasis in the past four decades in Africa have been effective in bringing the disease burden under control;it is currently not a public health problem in most endemic areas.Notably,transmission of the parasite is interrupted in some hyperendemic localities.Recently,there has been a policy shift from control to complete disease elimination by 2020 in selected countries and by 2025 in the majority of endemic African countries.The WHO has published guidelines for stopping mass drug administration(MDA)and verifying the interruption of transmission and elimination of human onchocerciasis.Therefore,countries have revised their plans,established a goal of disease elimination in line with an evidence based decision to stop MDA and verify elimination,and incorporated it into their NTDs national master plans.Nevertheless,challenges remain pertaining to the elimination of onchocerciasis in Africa.The challenge we review in this paper are:incomplete elimination mapping of all transmission zones,co-endemicity of onchocerciasis and loiasis,possible emergence of ivermectin resistance,uncoordinated cross-border elimination efforts,conflict and civil unrest,suboptimal program implementation,and technical and financial challenges.This paper also proposes recommendations to overcome the challenges and accelerate disease elimination.These are:a need for complete disease elimination mapping,a need for collaborative elimination activities between national programs,a need for a different drug distribution approach in conflict-affected areas,a need for routine monitoring and evaluation of MDA programs,a need for implementing alternative treatment strategies(ATSs)in areas with elimination anticipated beyond 2025,and a need for strong partnerships and continued funding.Conclusions:National programs need to regularly monitor and evaluate the performance and progress of their interventions,while envisaging the complete elimination of onchocerciasis from their territory.Factors hindering the targeted goal of interruption of parasite transmission need to be identified and remedial actions should be taken.If possible and appropriate,ATSs need to be implemented to accelerate disease elimination by 2025. | Gebremedhin Gebrezgabiher Zeleke Mekonnen Delenasaw Yewhalaw Asrat Hailu | 2019 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2019，8，4： | 1 |
| 3 | The Nile basin cooperative framework agreement negotiations and the adoption of a 'Water Security' paradigm: Flight into obscurity or a logical cul-de-sac?显示文摘 | Dereje Zeleke Mekonnen | 2010 | The European Journal of International Law2010，21，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Anti-schistosomal activities of Echinops kebericho Mesfin root and Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F Gmel flower part crude extracts in Swiss albino mice显示文摘Objective: To evaluate the in vivo antischistosomal activities of the crude extracts of Echinops kebericho Mesfin(E. kebericho) root and Hagenia abyssinica(Bruce) J.F. Gmel(H. abyssinica) flower. Methods: Mice were infected with(150 ± 10) Schistosoma mansoni cercariae by paddling technique. Crude extracts were administered orally for five consecutive days at doses of 300, 600 and 1 200 mg/kg/day along with 200 mg/kg/day praziquantel and 3% tween 80 given as a control. Results: E. kebericho root extract showed a statistically significant(P < 0.05) reduction in fecal egg count of 64.44%, 42.96% & 26.82% and worm burden of 65.71%, 47.86% & 31.43% at treatment doses of 1 200 mg/kg/day, 600 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day, respectively. Similarly, H. abyssinica flower extracts showed a significant(P < 0.05) reduction in fecal egg count up to 84.57%, 77.06% & 63.89% and worm burden of 91.43%, 81.43% & 70.71% at a respective dose levels. In addition, a significant(P < 0.05) reduction in liver granuloma score was observed in all H. abyssinica administered dose groups and E. kebericho at 1 200 mg/kg/day dose group as compared to infected untreated control group. Conclusions: H. abyssinica and E. kebericho crude extracts show a promising antischistosomal activity. | Yonas Alemu Zeleke Mekonnen Ahmed Zeynudin Moti Yohannes Abdissa Biruksew Sultan Suleman | 2018 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2018，11，10： | 0 |
| 5 | Strongyloidiasis: the most neglected tropical disease in Ethiopia显示文摘Background:Strongyloidiasis is the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases(NTDs).The aim of this commentary is to describe the possible reasons why strongyloidiasis is so overlooked in Ethiopia,and shed light on better ways of control and elimination of the disease. | Abebaw Tiruneh Endalew Zemene Zeleke Mekonnen | 2021 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2021，10，3： | 0 |
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