| 2 | Words apart:Standardizing forestry terms and definitions across European biodiversity studies显示文摘Forest biodiversity studies conducted across Europe use a multitude of forestry terms,often inconsistently.This hinders the comparability across studies and makes the assessment of the impacts of forest management on biodiversity highly context-dependent.Recent attempts to standardize forestry and stand description terminology mostly used a top-down approach that did not account for the perspectives and approaches of forest biodiversity experts.This work aims to establish common standards for silvicultural and vegetation definitions,creating a shared conceptual framework for a consistent study on the effects of forest management on biodiversity.We have identified both strengths and weaknesses of the silvicultural and vegetation information provided in forest biodiversity studies.While quantitative data on forest biomass and dominant tree species are frequently included,information on silvicultural activities and vegetation composition is often lacking,shallow,or based on broad and heterogeneous classifications.We discuss the existing classifications and their use in European forest biodiversity studies through a novel bottom-up and top-driven review process,and ultimately propose a common framework.This will enhance the comparability of forest biodiversity studies in Europe,and puts the basis for effective implementation and monitoring of sustainable forest management policies.The standards here proposed are potentially adaptable and applicable to other geographical areas and could be extended to other forest interventions. | Giovanni Trentanovi Thomas Campagnaro Tommaso Sitzia Francesco Chianucci Giorgio Vacchiano Christian Ammer MichałCiach Thomas ANagel Miren del Río Yoan Paillet Silvana Munzi Kris Vandekerkhove Andrés Bravo-Oviedo Andrea Cutini Ettore D'Andrea Pallieter De Smedt Inken Doerfler Dimitris Fotakis Jacob Heilmann-Clausen Jeňýk Hofmeister Jan Hošek Philippe Janssen Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas Nathalie Korboulewsky Bence Kovács Daniel Kozák Thibault Lachat Anders Mårell Radim Matula Martin Mikoláš Björn Nordén PéterÓdor x Marko Perović Elisabeth Pötzelsberger Peter Schall Miroslav Svoboda Flóra Tinya Mariana Ujházyová Sabina Burrascano | 2023 | Forest Ecosystems2023，10，4： | 0 |
| 3 | Patterns of grassland invasions by trees: insights from demographic and genetic spatial analyses显示文摘Aims Woody invasions into grasslands have increased globally due to changing land use,climate and introduced woody species,but spatial processes generating and sustaining these invasions are not well understood.To gain insight into the patterns of spread of tree populations within grasslands,and to propose a full spatial analytical toolbox for studying native and non-native woody spe-cies spread when long-term data are not available,we tested if 50 years of grassland invasion in Western Carpathians by Norway spruce(Picea abies Karst.)proceeded by one of the two tradi-tionally competing hypotheses of species spread:(i)by frontier expansion,or(ii)by advanced groups established ahead of the population frontier.We also tested whether the pattern of invasion changed over time.Methods We analyzed the spatial demographic and genetic patterns of a Norway spruce population invading a Western Carpathian grass-land using ripley’s L(t)and genetic kinship coefficients(Fij).We mapped and genotyped spruce trees across the invasion front(from the invasion leading edge to fully colonized grassland near the source population)using three demographic classes(adults,juve-niles and seedlings)to approximate the temporal aspects of the invasion.We studied how the spatial patterns of invasion by indi-vidual demographic classes and their genetic kinship varied among adjacent plots established at different distances from the source population(ranging from 0 to 160 m,in 40-m distance increments).Important Findings Juveniles were positively genetically related to adults on fine scales(<4 m),suggesting that adults within the grassland acted as a seed source and accelerated early invasion.However,adults did not act as nucleation centers for the formation of advanced juvenile groups.Instead,geneti-cally unrelated juveniles formed groups independently of adults.These groups were small and separate at the leading edge but they increased in size and graded into a continuous zone near the source population.Thus,juvenile recruitment occurred as a frontier expansion near the source population and as advanced groups controlled by environmental variation at the leading edge.unlike juveniles,seedlings were clustered on all scales across the invasion front and formed groups around adult crowns at the invasion leading edge.The bulk of seedling establishment occurred at intermediate distances from the source population,indepen-dently from the adults,suggesting that the invasion front continued to expand as a frontier,gradually coalescing with the advanced groups at the leading edge.Thus,the grassland invasion was driven by a gradual frontier expansion of the original population during the first 50 years,with advanced groups enhancing but not driving the invasion process.Frontier expansion appeared more important as a mechanism of woody species spread early in the invasion process in this study,while advanced groups may play a larger role over longer temporal scales. | Martin Dovčiak Richard Hrivnák Karol Ujházy Dušan Gömöry | 2015 | Journal of Plant Ecology2015，8，5： | 0 |
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