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| 1 | An autotrophic nitrogen removal process:Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate显示文摘A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate. | Jie Liu Jian'e Zuo Tang Yang Shuquan Zhu Sulin Kuang Kaijun Wang | 2010 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2010，22，5： | 26 |
| 2 | 1997年全国艾滋病哨点监测报告显示文摘1997年,全国HIV监测哨点共调整为60个,分布在27个省(自治区、直辖市)。性病门诊哨点和长卡哨点中只检出极少数HIV感染者。1997年,在3个暗娼哨点中的检出率约为1%~2%,而1996年同期仅为不到0.5%;在12个吸毒哨点中有7个哨点(包括2个新增哨点)报告了HIV感染者,而在1996年同期8个哨点中有3个哨点报告了感染者。新疆自治区报告了83例(20.8%)感染者,而在前几年同期同一哨点只有32例(8.0%)。在大部分吸毒监测哨点中的静注比例正不断增加或保持一个较高水平。暗娼人群中有60%从不使用避孕套。该监测结果表明,局部地区吸毒者中HIV感染率在不断上升,HIV波及的地区在不断地增多,HIV感染已开始向性乱人群扩散;可引起HIV流行的危险因素在不断增加。 | Department of Disease Control,Ministry of Health,People′s Republic of China 1 Center for AIDS Surveillance,Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine 2 Group of National HIV Sentinel Surveillance Program (Written by Qu Shuquan 2,Sun Xinhua 1,Zheng X | 1998 | 中国性病艾滋病防治1998，4，4： | 15 |
| 3 | Necklace-like Si@C nano?bers as robust anode materials for high performance lithium ion batteries显示文摘Silicon is believed to be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries because of its highest theoretical capacity and low discharge potential. However, severe pulverization and capacity fading caused by huge volume change during cycling limits its practical application. In this work, necklace-like N-doped carbon wrapped mesoporous Si nanofibers(NL-Si@C) network has been synthesized via electrospinning method followed by magnesiothermic reduction reaction process to suppress these issues. The mesoporous Si nanospheres are wrapped with N-doped carbon shells network to form yolk-shell structure.Interestingly, the distance of adjacent Si@C nanospheres can be controllably adjusted by different addition amounts of SiO_2 nanospheres. When used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the NL-Si@C-0.5 exhibits best cycling stability and rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the necklace-like network structure and N-doped carbon layers, which can ensure fast ions and electrons transportation, facilitate the electrolyte penetration and provide finite voids to allow large volume expansion of inner Si nanoparticles. Moreover, the protective carbon layers are also beneficial to the formation of stable solid electrolyte interface film. | Xiangzhong Kong Yuchao Zheng Yaping Wang Shuquan Liang Guozhong Cao Anqiang Pan | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，4： | 13 |
| 4 | Metal-organic framework-derived porous shuttle-like vanadium oxides for sodium-ion battery application显示文摘有分层的结构的钒氧化物为锂离子电池和钠离子电池(亲族) 正在答应候选人。自我模板途径,从金属器官的框架(MOF ) 包含转变进多孔的金属氧化物,是完成理想的电气化学的性能的一个新奇、有效的方法。在这研究,多孔的像梭的钒氧化物(即, V 2 O 5, V 2 O 3/C) 被与一个特定的锻烧过程把 MIL-88B (V) 用作先锋成功地准备。作为 proof-of-concept 应用, asprepared 多孔的像梭的 V 2 O 3/C 为亲族被用作阳极材料。多孔的像梭的 V 2 与金属性的行为有固有的分层的结构的 O 3/C, ,展出优秀电气化学的性质。417, 247, 202, 176, 164,和 149 mAhants 的显著的率能力,仅仅 CC 一?? | Yangsheng Cai Guozhao Fang Jiang Zhou Sainan Liu Zhigao Luo Anqiang Pan Guozhong Cao I Shuquan Liang | 2018 | Nano Research2018，11，1： | 12 |
| 5 | V2O5 Nanospheres with Mixed Vanadium Valences as High Electrochemically Active Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery Cathode显示文摘AV4+-V2O5 cathode with mixed vanadium valences was prepared via a novel synthetic method using VOOH as the precursor,and its zinc-ion storage performance was evaluated.The products are hollow spheres consisting of nanoflakes.The V4+-V2O5 cathode exhibits a prominent cycling performance,with a specific capacity of 140 mAhg-1 after 1000 cycles at 10 A g.1,and an excellent rate capability.The good electrochemical performance is attributed to the presence of V4+,which leads to higher electrochemical activity,lower polarization,faster ion diffusion,and higher electrical conductivity than V2O5 without V4+.This engineering strategy of valence state manipulation may pave the way for designing high-performance cathodes for elucidating advanced battery chemistry. | Fei Liu Zixian Chen Guozhao Fang Ziqing Wang Yangsheng Cai Boya Tang Jiang Zhou Shuquan Liang | 2019 | Nano-Micro Letters2019，11，2： | 12 |
| 6 | 1996年中国艾滋病哨点监测报告显示文摘我国自1995年开始在23个省(自治区、直辖市)的42个哨点中对性传播疾病(STDs)门诊就诊者、暗娼、吸毒者和长途卡车司机四类人群进行监测,当年监测结果显示,在监测哨点所在的城市中,被监测的STDs门诊就诊者、暗娼、吸毒者和长途卡车司机人群中HIV感染率均很低,但存在广泛传播的危险性。1996年第一轮共监测10085人,发现HIV感染者35例。其中在STDs门诊就诊者中发现HIV感染者1例,在吸毒者中发现HIV感染者34例(其中新疆32例);第二轮监测11909人,发现HIV感染者72例,其中在暗娼人群中发现1例,在吸毒人群中发现71例(其中新疆69例)。1996年监测结果表明,在哨点所在的城市中,尽管被监测的STDs门诊就诊者、暗娼和长途卡车司机人群中HIV感染率仍很低,但我国HIV流行形势已发生改变,HIV感染的流行已不仅仅局限于云南吸毒者中,在其它地区已开始在吸毒者中流行,个别地区该人群中HIV感染率上升很快。 | Department of Disease control.Ministry of Health,People′s Republic of China 1 Center for AIDS Surveillance,Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine 2 Group of National HIV sentinel surveillance program (Written by Qu Shuquan 2,Sun Xinhua 1,Zheng Xiwen | 1997 | 中国性病艾滋病防治1997，3，5： | 12 |
| 7 | Downregulation of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 by oridonin inhibits the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells显示文摘Recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)AFAP1-AS1 in pancreatic cancer is negatively correlated with survival and prognosis.However,the effects of oridonin and lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT)and migration of pancreatic cancer cells have not been fully elucidated.Surgery is the only potentially curative method for pancreatic cancer,but postoperative recurrence and metastasis are common.The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of oridonin and lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 silencing on pancreatic cancer cells.The pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells were transfected with siAFAP1-AS1 and its negative control(siNC).After that,oridonin was used to treat the siAFAP1-AS1-transfected cells.The expression of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 was downregulated in the pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and PANC-1.The apoptosis and cell cycle progression of pancreatic cancer cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining.Metastasis and invasion of BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells were detected by transwell migration assay,real-time cell analysis,and western blot analysis.Cells were transfected with the lentiviral siAFAP1-AS1 and siNC,and tumorigenesis was evaluated in BALB/C nude mice.Immunohistochemical examination was used to verify the effects of oridonin and siAFAP1-AS1 on pancreatic cancer.The results demonstrated that the combination of oridonin and siAFAP1-AS1 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation,induced apoptosis,arrested cell cycle progression,prevented the migration,regulated EMT-related protein expression in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells,and inhibited pancreatic cancer cell tumorigenicity and EMT in nude mice. | Songmei Lou Jian Xu Bili Wang Shuquan Li Jun Ren Zhengjun Hu Bin Xu Feng Luo | 2019 | Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica2019，51，8： | 10 |
| 8 | Interfacial adsorption-insertion mechanism induced by phase boundary toward better aqueous Zn-ion battery显示文摘Biphasic and multiphasic compounds have been well clarified to achieve extraordinary electrochemical properties as advanced energy storage materials.Yet the role of phase boundaries in improving the performance is remained to be illustrated.Herein,we reported the biphasic vanadate,that is,Na_(1.2)V_(3)O_(8)/K_(2)V_(6)O_(16)·1.5H_(2)O(designated as Na0.5K0.5VO),and detected the novel interfacial adsorption-insertion mechanism induced by phase boundaries.Firstprinciples calculations indicated that large amount of Zn^(2+)and H^(+)ions would be absorbed by the phase boundaries and most of them would insert into the host structure,which not only promote the specific capacity,but also effectively reduce diffusion energy barrier toward faster reaction kinetics.Driven by this advanced interfacial adsorption-insertion mechanism,the aqueous Zn/Na_(0.5)K_(0.5)VO is able to perform excellent rate capability as well as long-term cycling performance.A stable capacity of 267 mA h g^(-1)after 800 cycles at 5 A g^(-1)can be achieved.The discovery of this mechanism is beneficial to understand the performance enhancement mechanism of biphasic and multiphasic compounds as well as pave pathway for the strategic design of highperformance energy storage materials. | Lutong Shan Yiren Wang Shuquan Liang Boya Tang Yongqiang Yang Ziqing Wang Bingan Lu Jiang Zhou | 2021 | InfoMat2021，3，9： | 8 |
| 9 | Simultaneous regulation of cations and anions in an electrolyte for high-capacity, high-stability aqueous zinc–vanadium batteries显示文摘Safe,inexpensive aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are regarded as promising energy storage devices.However,they still face issues,including dissolution and collapse of the cathode as well as H_(2)evolution and the growth of Zn dendrites on the Zn anode.Herein,we simultaneously regulate the cations and anions in the electrolyte for high-capacity,high-stability aqueous zinc–vanadium(Zn–V)batteries based on a bimetallic cation-doped Na_(0.33)K_(0.1)V_(2)O_(5)·nH_(2)O cathode.We demonstrate that Na^(+) cations suppress cathode dissolution and restrain Zn dendrite growth on the anode via an electrostatic shield effect.We also illustrate that ClO_(4)^(-) anions participate in energy storage at the cathode and are reduced to Cl^(-),generating a protective layer on the Zn anode surface and providing a stable interface to decrease Zn dendrites and H_(2)evolution during long-term cycling.When Na^(+) and ClO_(4)^(-) are introduced into an aqueous ZnSO_(4) electrolyte,a Zn/Zn symmetric cell shows durable and reversible Zn stripping/plating for 1500 h at a current density of 1 mA cm^(-2) and with an area capacity of 1 mAh cm^(-2).Zn/Na_(0.33)K_(0.1)V_(2)O_(5)·nH_(2)O full batteries exhibit a high capacity of 600 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1) and long-term cycling performance for 5000 cycles,with a capacity of 200 mAh g^(-1) at 20 Ag^(-1). | Ziqing Wang Miao Zhou Liping Qin Minghui Chen Zixian Chen Shan Guo Liangbing Wang Guozhao Fang Shuquan Liang | 2022 | eScience2022，2，2： | 8 |
| 10 | Detection of Acid Rain Stress Effect on Plant Using Hyperspectral Data in Three Gorges Region,China显示文摘This paper aims to use hyperspectral data to detect the spectral change caused by acid stress to a native forest type in the Three Gorges region of China. For this purpose, a ground-based hyperspectral experiment was conducted at the Three Gorges region to detect acid deposition that caused Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest degra-dation. Continuum removal method was used to isolate wavebands more responsive to stress in wavelengths 450-750nm. The differences in chlorophyll concentrations and needle thickness caused by acidic stress are found to be explicable to the different spectral reflectance patterns in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Two new chlorotic indices were utilized to explain the stress-caused leaf chlorosis. The comparison of simulated vegetation indices and principal component analysis (PCA) results suggests that it would be possible to monitor acid rain stress effect on forest ecosystem from some wider spectral regions. | SONG Xiaodong JIANG Hong YU Shuquan ZHOU Guomo | 2008 | Chinese Geographical Science2008，18，3： | 7 |
| 11 | Optimal Planning of Community Integrated Energy Station Considering Frequency Regulation Service显示文摘With the extensive integration of high-penetration renewable energy resources,more fast-response frequency regulation(FR)providers are required to eliminate the impact of uncertainties from loads and distributed generators(DGs)on system security and stability.As a high-quality FR resource,community integrated energy station(CIES)can effectively respond to frequency deviation caused by renewable energy generation,helping to solve the frequency problem of power system.This paper proposes an optimal planning model of CIES considering FR service.First,the model of FR service is established to unify the time scale of FR service and economic operation.Then,an optimal planning model of CIES considering FR service is proposed,with which the revenue of participating in the FR service is obtained under market mechanism.The flexible electricity pricing model is introduced to flatten the peak tieline power of CIES.Case studies are conducted to analyze the annual cost and the revenue of CIES participating in FR service,which suggest that providing ancillary services can bring potential revenue. | Cheng Li Peng Li Hao Yu Hailong Li Jinli Zhao Shuquan Li Chengshan Wang | 2021 | Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy2021，9，2： | 7 |
| 12 | The combined influence of surface modification, size distribution, and interaction time on the cytotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots in PANC-1 cells显示文摘Mercaptopropionic 酸(MPA ) 和盖住的 CdTe 量点的 cysteamine (Cys )(QD ) 成功地被准备并且过去常在人的胰腺的癌(PANC-1 ) 在他们的 cytotoxicity 上调查表面修正,尺寸分发,和相互作用时间的联合影响房间。显示的结果那越小 MPA-CdTe QD 的尺寸,越 higher cytotoxicity,它能是部分由于他们在房间内的分发的差别。与 MPA-CdTe QD 作比较, Cys-CdTe QD 最好细胞的 metabolizability 和更低的 cytotoxicity。这些 QD 细胞的分发和 cytotoxicity 是仔细与他们有房间的相互作用时间有关。他们的 cytotoxicity 被发现显著地随媒介的孵化时间的增加被提高。在 QD 处理以后,影响在生存能力也是的最后的房间上恢复时间集中和 QD 的表面修正上的依赖者在预告的处理使用了。这里讨论的这些因素的联合影响可能为在未来理解并且减少 QD 的 cytotoxicity 提供有用信息生物医学的应用。 | Shuquan Chang Bin Kang Xiqin Liu Yaodong Dai Da Chen | 2012 | Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica2012，44，3： | 6 |
| 13 | Layered hydrated vanadium oxide as highly reversible intercalation cathode for aqueous Zn-ion batteries显示文摘Aqueous Zn-ion batteries(ZIBs)hold great potential in large-scale energy storage systems due to the merits of low-cost and high safety.However,the unstable structure of cathode materials and sluggish(de)intercalation kinetics of Zn2+pose challenges for further development.Herein,highly reversible aqueous ZIBs are constructed with layered hydrated vanadium oxide as a cathode material.The electrochemical performances are further tested with the optimized electrolyte of 3M Zn(CF3SO3)2 and a cut-off voltage of 0.4 to 1.3 V,exhibiting a remarkable capacity of 290mAh g−1 at 0.5Ag−1,and long-term cycling stability at high current density.Furthermore,the Zn2+storage mechanism of V3O7⋅H2O is recognized as a highly reversible(de)intercalation process with good structural stability,implying the potential application in the field of large-scale energy storage. | Pinji Wang Xiaodong Shi Zhuoxi Wu Shan Guo Jiang Zhou Shuquan Liang | 2020 | Carbon Energy2020，2，2： | 6 |
| 14 | Suppressing by-product via stratified adsorption effect to assist highly reversible zinc anode in aqueous electrolyte显示文摘The development of promising zinc anodes mainly suffers from their low plating/stripping coulombic efficiencies when using aqueous electrolyte,which are mainly associated with the interfacial formation of irreversible by-products.It is urgent to develop technologies that can solve this issue fundamentally.Herein,we report an artificial Sc_(2)O_(3) protective film to construct a new class of interface for Zn anode.The density functional theory simulation and experimental results have proven that the interfacial side reaction was inhibited via a stratified adsorption effect between this artificial layer and Zn anode.Benefiting from this novel structure,the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode can run for more than 100 cycles without short circuit and exhibit low voltage hysteresis,and the coulombic efficiency increases by 1.2%.Importantly,it shows a good application prospect when matched with two of popular manganese-based and vanadium-based cathodes.The excellent electrochemical performance of the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode highlights the importance of rational design of anode materials and demonstrates a good way for developing high-performance Zn anodes with long lifespan and high efficiency. | Miao Zhou Shan Guo Guozhao Fang Hemeng Sun Xinxin Cao Jiang Zhou Anqiang Pan Shuquan Liang | 2021 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2021，30，4： | 6 |
| 15 | 分级凝胶电解质调控Zn^(2+)配位隧道助力无枝晶锌负极显示文摘本文采用离子交联的方法,制备了高离子限域和氢键增强的单宁酸改性海藻酸基复合凝胶电解质.其中,单宁酸中的酚羟基和海藻酸钠中的羧基可以分别与锌离子进行配位和螯合,有效降低Zn^(2+)溶剂化壳层周围结合水分子的活性,通过增强的离子限域效应抑制了副反应和枝晶的生成,实现了锌的均匀沉积.利用该凝胶电解质组装的Zn/NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)全电池搁置5d后,在2 A g^(-1)下循环200圈的容量保持率高达97.25%.同时,由于单宁酸中的羰基和海藻酸钠、水分子中的羟基之间形成强分子间氢键相互作用,电池在0℃低温下的循环稳定性也得到明显提升.此外,单宁酸中的酚羟基也可与钒基离子螯合,抑制循环过程中钒的溶解,为抑制钒基正极溶解和提高钒基电池小电流密度下的循环稳定性提供了新的解决方案. | Bingyao Zhang Liping Qin Yun Fang Yizhao Chai Xuesong Xie Bingan Lu Shuquan Liang Jiang Zhou | 2022 | Science Bulletin2022，67，9： | 6 |
| 16 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves local microenvironment after spinal cord injury显示文摘Clinical studies have shown that hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves motor function in patients with spinal cord injury. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms associated with the recovery of neurological function after hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a rat model of spinal cord injury. We established an acute spinal cord injury model using a modification of the free-falling object method, and treated the animals with oxygen at 0.2 MPa for 45 minutes, 4 hours after injury. The treatment was administered four times per day, for 3 days. Compared with model rats that did not receive the treatment, rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen had fewer apoptotic cells in spinal cord tissue, lower expression levels of aquaporin 4/9 m RNA and protein, and more NF-200 positive nerve fibers. Furthermore, they had smaller spinal cord cavities, rapid recovery of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials, and notably better recovery of hindlimb motor function than model rats. Our findings indicate that hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduces apoptosis, downregulates aquaporin 4/9 m RNA and protein expression in injured spinal cord tissue, improves the local microenvironment for nerve regeneration, and protects and repairs the spinal cord after injury. | Yang Wang Shuquan Zhang Min Luo Yajun Li | 2014 | Neural Regeneration Research2014，9，24： | 6 |
| 17 | Inorganic Colloidal Electrolyte for Highly Robust Zinc‑Ion Batteries显示文摘Zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)is a promising electrical energy storage candidate due to its eco-friendliness,low cost,and intrinsic safety,but on the cathode the element dissolution and the formation of irreversible products,and on the anode the growth of dendrite as well as irreversible products hinder its practical application.Herein,we propose a new type of the inorganic highly concentrated colloidal electrolytes(HCCE)for ZIBs promoting simultaneous robust protection of both cathode/anode leading to an effective suppression of element dissolution,dendrite,and irreversible products growth.The new HCCE has high Zn^(2+)ion transference number(0.64)endowed by the limitation of SO4^(2−),the competitive ion conductivity(1.1×10^(–2) S cm^(−1))and Zn2+ion diffusion enabled by the uniform pore distribution(3.6 nm)and the limited free water.The Zn/HCCE/α-MnO2 cells exhibit high durability under both high and low current densities,which is almost 100%capacity retention at 200 mA g^(−1) after 400 cycles(290 mAh g^(−1))and 89%capacity retention under 500 mA g^(−1) after 1000 cycles(212 mAh g^(−1)).Considering material sustainability and batteries’high performances,the colloidal electrolyte may provide a feasible substitute beyond the liquid and all-solid-state electrolyte of ZIBs. | Jiawei Gao Xuesong Xie Shuquan Liang Bingan Lu Jiang Zhou | 2021 | Nano-Micro Letters2021，13，4： | 6 |
| 18 | Effects of fractal surface on rheological behavior and combustion kinetics of modified brown coal water slurries显示文摘 | Zhifang Gao Shuquan Zhu Mingdong Zheng ZhaojinWu Huihong Lu Weiming Liu | 2015 | International Journal of Coal Science & Technology2015，2，3： | 6 |
| 19 | Measurements of ^(134)Cs and ^(137)Cs in urine and estimation of the internal dose of an adult exposed to the Chernobyl Accident显示文摘To estimate the internal dose of a Chinese visiting scholar internally contaminated because of the Cherno- byl Accident, the contents of 134Cs and 137Cs in urine were measured using a Ge(Li) γ-spectrometer. The internal doses were calculated based on data from the ICRP Publications. The effective doses from 134Cs and 137Cs were estimated to be 61 μSv and 98 μ Sv, respectively. The sum of 159 μSv was lower than the total effective dose (310 μSv), from the inhalation and ingestion of natural radionuclides. The dose of 131I was also reviewed referring to the UNSCEAR 2000 Report. The equivalent effective dose of 131I was estimated to be 2.9 mSv, 18 times more than the amount of 134Cs and 137Cs. Therefore, it is considered that the earlier estimation of internal doses of 131I is important in evaluating radiation injuries from a nuclear reactor accident. | ZHAO Shuquan HUANG Shibin LIU Shiming HU Heping WU Mingyu XIANG Xiqiao ZHU Guoying | 2007 | Nuclear Science and Techniques2007，18，2： | 5 |
| 20 | Relationship between catchment characteristics and nitrogen forms in Cao-E River Basin, Eastern China显示文摘The distribution of different nitrogen forms and their spatial and temporal variations in different pollution types of tributaries or reaches were investigated. Based on the catchments characteristics the tributaries or reaches can be classified into 4 types, including headwater in mountainous areas (type I), agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution in rural areas (type II), municipal and industrial pollution in urban areas (type III), and combined pollution in main stream (type IV). Water samples were collected monthly from July 2003 to June 2006 in the Cao-E River Basin in Zhejiang, eastern China. The concentrations of NO3--N, NH4+-N, and total nitrogen (TN) were measured. The mean concentrations of NO3--N were decreased in the sequence type IV > type II> type III > type I, whereas, NH4+-N, total organic nitrogen (TON), and TN were in the sequence: type III > type IV > type II> type I. In headwater and rural reaches, CNO3--N was much higher than CNH+4-N. In urban reaches, TON and NH4+-N were the main forms, accounting for 54.7% and 32.1% of TN, respectively. In the whole river system, CNH4+-N decreased with increasing distance from cities, and CNO3--N increased with the increasing area of farmland in the catchments. With increased river flow, CNO3--N increased and CNH4+-N decreased in all types of reaches, while the variations of CTON and CTN were different. For TN, the concentration may be decreased with the increase of river flow, but the export load always increased. | JIN Shuquan LU Jun CHEN Dingjiang SHEN Yena SHI Yiming | 2009 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2009，21，4： | 4 |
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