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| 1 | Electroconvulsive therapy and/or plasmapheresis in autoimmune encephalitis?显示文摘Autoimmune encephalitis is a poorly understood condition that can present with a combination of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, either of which may predominate. There are many autoantibodies associated with a variety of clinical syndromes-anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor(NMDAR) is the commonest. Currently, the most widely used therapy is prompt plasmapheresis and steroid treatment(and tumour resection if indicated), followed by second line immunosuppression if this fails. Given the growing awareness of autoimmune encephalitis as an entity, it is increasingly important that we consider it as a potential diagnosis in order to provide timely, effective treatment. We discuss several previously published case reports and one new case. These reports examined the effects of electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) on patients with autoimmune encephalitis, particularly those in whom psychiatric symptoms are especially debilitating and refractory to standard treatment. We also discuss factors predicting good outcome and possible mechanisms by which ECT may be effective. Numerous cases, such as those presented by Wingfield, Tsutsui, Florance, Sansing, Braakman and Matsumoto, demonstrate effective use of ECT in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients with severe psychiatric symptoms such as catatonia, psychosis, narcolepsy and stupor who had failed to respond to standard treatments alone. We also present a new case of a 71-year-old female who presented to a psychiatric unit initially with depression, which escalated to catatonia, delusions, nihilism and auditory hallucinations. After anti-NMDAR antibodies were isolated, she was treated by the neurology team with plasmapheresis and steroids, with a partial response. She received multiple sessions of ECT and her psychiatric symptoms completely resolved and she returned to her premorbid state. For this reason, we suggest that ECT should be considered, particularly in those patients who are non-responders to standard therapies. | Jessica L Gough Jan Coebergh Brunda Chandra Ramin Nilforooshan | 2016 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2016，4，8： | 8 |
| 2 | Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: clinical applications in patients with brain lesions显示文摘 | Ramin S L Tognola W A Spotti A R | 2003 | Sao Paulo Med J2003，121，6： | 1 |
| 3 | Evaluation of the tocolytic effect of morphine in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm delivery:The role of nitric oxide显示文摘 | Mehrak J P Ali L Ramin V | 2009 | Eur J Obstet & Gynecol Reprod Biol2009，147，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Bset practices for libmrians embedded in online courses显示文摘 | Hoffman S Ramin L | 2010 | Public Services Quarterly2010，6，23： | 1 |
| 5 | Mutation the FIE and MEA genes that encode interacting polycomb proteins cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms显示文摘 | RAMIN Y TETSU K OFRA L | 2000 | Plant Cell2000，12，： | 1 |
| 6 | Best practices for librarians embedded in online courses 显示文摘 | Hoffman S Ramin L | 2010 | Public services quarterly2010，6，23： | 1 |
| 7 | Best Practices for Librarians Embedded in Online Courses 显示文摘 | Hoffman S Ramin L | 2010 | Public Services Quarterly2010，6，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Fallopian tube prolapse after hysterectomy显示文摘 | Ramin S M Ramin K D Hemsell D L | 1999 | South Meal J1999，92，10： | 1 |
| 9 | Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: clinical applications in patients with brain lesions显示文摘 | Ramin S L Tognola W A Spotti A R | 2003 | Sao Paulo Med2003，121，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Seed to seed allelopathic effects between wheat and weeds 显示文摘 | Soheila P G Sirous H Ramin L | 2012 | International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences2012，4，22： | 1 |
| 11 | Urinary tract infections during pregnancy 显示文摘 | Gilstrap L C 3rd Ramin S M | 2001 | Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am2001，28，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Design and development of a new piezoelectric linear Inchworm actuator 显示文摘 | Jian L Ramin S Javad D | 2005 | Mechatronics2005，15，： | 1 |
| 13 | Design and development of a new piezoelectric linear Inchworm actuator显示文摘 | JIAN L RAMIN S | 2005 | Mechatronics2005，15，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Combination of Kalman filter and least error square techniques in power system显示文摘 | Ramin A Z Arindam G Gerard L | 2010 | IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery2010，25，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Best practices for librarians embedded in online courses 显示文摘 | Hoffman S Ramin L | 2010 | Publie Services Quarterly2010，6，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Auxiliary signal design for active failure detection in uncertain linear systems with a priori information显示文摘 | RAMINE N CAMPBEL S L | 2006 | Automatica2006，42，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Combination of Kalman filter and least error square techniques in power system显示文摘 | Ramin A Z Arindam G Gerard L | 2010 | IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery2010，25，4： | 1 |
| 18 | ^sup 11^C-Dihydrotetrabenazine PET of the Pancreas in Subjects with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes and in Healthy Controls显示文摘 | Goland Robin Freeby Matthew Parsey Ramin Saisho Yoshifumi Kumar Dileep Simpson Norman Hirsch Joy Prince Martin Maffei Antonella Mann J John Butler Peter C Van Heertum Ronald Leibel Rudolph L Ichise Masanori Harris Paul E | 2009 | The Journal of Nuclear Medicine2009，，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Design and developmentof a new piezoelectric linear Inchworm actuator显示文摘 | JIAN L RAMIN S JAVAD D | 2005 | Mechatronics2005，15，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Best Practices for Librarians Embedded in Online Courses显示文摘 | Hoffman S Ramin L | 2010 | PSQ2010，6，23： | 1 |
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