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| 1 | Interactions of molten salts with cathode products in the FFC Cambridge Process显示文摘Molten salts play multiple important roles in the electrolysis of solid metal compounds,particularly oxides and sulfides,for the extraction of metals or alloys.Some of these roles are positive in assisting the extraction of metals,such as dissolving the oxide or sulfide anions,and transporting them to the anode for discharging,and offering the high temperature to lower the kinetic barrier to break the metal-oxygen or metal-sulfur bond.However,molten salts also have unfavorable effects,including electronic conductivity and significant capability of dissolving oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.In addition,although molten salts are relatively simple in terms of composition,physical properties,and decomposition reactions at inert electrodes,in comparison with aqueous electrolytes,the high temperatures of molten salts may promote unwanted electrode-electrolyte interactions.This article reviews briefly and selectively the research and development of the F ray-F arthing-Chen(FFC)Cambridge Process in the past two decades,focusing on observations,understanding,and solutions of various interactions between molten salts and cathodes at different reduction states,including perovskitization,non-wetting of molten salts on pure metals,carbon contamination of products,formation of oxychlorides and calcium intermetallic compounds,and oxygen transfer from the air to the cathode product mediated by oxide anions in the molten salt. | George Z.Chen | 2020 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2020，27，12： | 4 |
| 2 | Silicon prepared by electro-reduction in molten salts as new energy materials显示文摘Silicon has a large impact on the energy supply and economy in the modern world. In industry, high purity silicon is firstly prepared by carbothermic reduction of silica with the produced raw silicon being further refined by a modified Siemens method. This process suffers from the disadvantages of high cost and contaminant release and emission. As an alternative, the molten salt electrolysis approach, particularly the FFC Cambridge Process(FFC: Fray-Farthing-Chen), could realize high purity silicon products with morphology-controllable nanostructures at low or mild temperatures(generally 650–900 ℃). In this article, we review the development, reaction mechanisms, and electrolysis conditions of silicon production by the FFC Cambridge Process. Applications of the silicon products from electrolysis in molten salts are also discussed in terms of energy applications, including using them as the photovoltaic element in solar cells and as the charge storage phase in the negative electrode(negatrode) of lithium ion batteries. | Tingting Jiang Xinyi Xu George Z.Chen | 2020 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2020，29，8： | 3 |
| 3 | Understanding supercapacitors based on nano-hybrid materials with interfacial conjugation显示文摘The recent fast development of supercapacitors,also known scientifically as electrochemical capacitors,has benefited significantly from synthesis,characterisations and electrochemistry of nanomaterials.Herein,the principle of supercapacitors is explained in terms of performance characteristics and charge storage mechanisms,i.e.double layer(or interfacial) capacitance and pseudo-capacitance.The semiconductor band model is applied to qualitatively account for the pseudo-capacitance in association with rectangular cyclic voltammograms(CVs) and linear galvanostatic charging and discharging plots(GCDs),aiming to differentiate supercapacitors from rechargeable batteries.The invalidity of using peak shaped CVs and non-linear GCDs for capacitance measurement is highlighted.A selective review is given to the nano-hybrid materials between carbon nanotubes and redox active materials such as electronically conducting polymers and transition metal oxides.A new concept,'interfacial conjugation',is introduced to reflect the capacitance enhancement resulting from π-π stacking interactions at the interface between two materials with highly conjugated chemical bonds.The prospects of carbon nanotubes and graphenes for supercapacitor applications are briefly compared and discussed.Hopefully,this article can help readers to understand supercapacitors and nano-hybrid materials so that further developments in materials design and synthesis,and device engineering can be more efficient and objective. | George Z.Chen | 2013 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2013，23，3： | 2 |
| 4 | Environmental and energy gains from using molten magnesium–sodium–potassium chlorides for electro-metallisation of refractory metal oxides显示文摘The molten eutectic mixture of magnesium,sodium and potassium chlorides(Mg Cl2–Na Cl–KCl) has inappreciable solubility for oxide ions,and can help disengage a carbon anode from the oxide ions generated at a metal oxide cathode,and effectively avoid carbon dioxide formation.This 'disengaging strategy' was successfully demonstrated in electro-reduction of solid oxides of zirconium and tantalum.It has led to significantly higher current efficiency(93%),and lower energy consumption(1.4 k W h kg 1) in electrolysis of tantalum oxide to tantalum metal compared to the conventional electrolysis in molten calcium chloride(e.g.78% and 2.4 k W h/kg-Ta). | Wei Li Yating Yuan Xianbo Jin Hualin Chen George Z.Chen | 2015 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2015，25，6： | 2 |
| 5 | Electrochemical Preparation of Silicon and Its Alloys from Solid Oxides in Molten Calcium Chloride显示文摘 | XianboJin PeiGao DihuaWang XiaohongHu George Z.Chen | 2004 | Angewandte Chemie International Edition2004，，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Preface显示文摘<正>George Zheng Chen,DIC,FRSC,FRSA,FIMMM,is professor of electrochemical technologies in both the UK(Nottingham)and China(Ningbo)campuses of the University of Nottingham.He is also a senior academic visitor of Fudan University and a specially invited professor of Wuhan University of Science and Technology. | George Z.Chen | 2015 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2015，25，6： | 0 |
| 7 | Erratum to:Interactions of molten salts with cathode products in the FFC Cambridge Process显示文摘The copyright information of the print version for this article unfortunately is not the same with that of the online version.The copyright information of the online version is right,which is“©The Author(s)2020”. | George Z.Chen | 2021 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2021，28，3： | 0 |
| 8 | Electrochemical study of different membrane materials for the fabrication of stable,reproducible and reusable reference electrode显示文摘Fabrication of stable,reproducible and reusable reference electrodes for low energy and high-temperature steam splitting is of great interest for hydrogen fuel production without anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO2)emission.This study has been conducted for the detection of suitable material for the fabrication of novel reference electrode.In the present scenario,this research is designed to fabricate a novel nickel reference electrode by using operating conditions of eutectic molten hydroxide(NaOH-KOH,49-51 mol%)at temperature 300℃in an ion-conducting membrane of alumina and mullite tube.Afterwards,the designed nickel reference electrode has been examined for its reusability and stability by using electrochemical technique and cyclic voltammetry.Five scans of cyclic voltammetry are performed for both membrane fabricated reference electrode.A slight positive shift in oxidation peaks is observed for mullite membrane electrode(64 mV from scan 1 to 5).The stability measurements are noted by changing the scan rate between 50 and 150 mV s−1.Furthermore,the results show that the Ni/Ni(OH)2 reference electrode covered with a mullite membrane is stable and reusable at 300℃temperature without any deterioration.The stability and reusability of prepared nickel reference electrode covered by mullite tube in the eutectic molten hydroxide were up to 9 days to carry out an electrochemical investigation,while for alumina tube reference electrode the stability and reliability were up to 3 days.The internal electrolytic material and ionic conductance can play an important role for future studies with this reference electrode along with optimisation of temperature and scan rate parameters. | Nawar K.Al-Shara Farooq Sher Sania Z.Iqbal Zaman Sajid George Z.Chen | 2020 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2020，29，10： | 0 |
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