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| 1 | In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver tumors and metastases显示文摘Primary liver cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide. The liver is also the second most common site for metastatic spread of cancer. To assist in the diagnosis of these liver lesions non-invasive advanced imaging techniques are desirable. Magnetic resonance (MR) is commonly used to identify anatomical lesions, but it is a very versatile technique and also can provide specific information on tumor pathophysiology and metabolism, in particular with the application of MR spectroscopy (MRS). This may include data on the type, grade and stage of tumors, and thus assist in further management of the disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the available literature on proton, phosphorus and carbon-13-MRS as performed on primary liver tumors and metastases, with human applications as the main perspective. Upcoming MRSapproaches with potential applications to liver tumors are also included. Since knowledge of some technical background is indispensable to understand the results, a basic introduction of MRS and some technical issues of MRS as applied to tumors and metastases in the liver are described as well. In vivo MR spectroscopy of tumors in a metabolically active organ such as the liver has been demonstrated to provide important information on tumor metabolism, but it also is challenging as compared to applications on some other tissues, in particular in humans, mostly because of its abdominal location where movement may be a disturbing factor. | EGW ter Voert L Heijmen HWM van Laarhoven A Heerschap | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，47： | 7 |
| 2 | Antenatal proton MR spectroscopy of the human brain in vivo显示文摘 | Heerschap A Kok R D van den Berg P P | 2003 | Child Nerv Syst2003，19，78： | 1 |
| 3 | Peripheral zone prostate cancer localization by muhiparametric magnetic resonance at 3T:unbiased cancer identification by matching to histopathology显示文摘 | Selnaes KM Heerschap A Jensen LR | 2012 | Invest Radiol2012，47，： | 1 |
| 4 | Metabolic information from the human fetal brain obtained with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy显示文摘 | Kok R D van den Bergh A J Heerschap A | 2001 | AmJ Obstet Gynecol2001，185，5： | 1 |
| 5 | F-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with livermetastases of colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil显示文摘 | Kamm Y J Heerschap A Van den Bergh E J | 2004 | Anti-Cancer Drug2004，15，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Antenatal proton MR spectroscopy of the human brain in Vivo显示文摘 | Heerschap A Kok RD Van den Berg PP | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 7 | Skeletal muscles of mice deficient in M-creatine kinase lack burst activity显示文摘 | Van Deursen J Heerschap A Oerlemans F | 1993 | Cell1993，74，： | 1 |
| 8 | Creatine kinase in muscle energy metabolism:a study of mouse mutants with graded reduction in CK expression显示文摘 | VAN Deursen J Ruitenbeek W Heerschap A | 1994 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1994，91，： | 1 |
| 9 | High-resolution 1HNMR spectroscopy of blood plasma for metabolic studies显示文摘 | Wevers R Engelke U Heerschap A | 1994 | Clinical Chemistry1994，40，7： | 1 |
| 10 | Common processing of in vivo MR spectra显示文摘 | In't Zandt H van Der Graaf M Heerschap A | 2001 | NMR Biomed2001，14，4： | 1 |
| 11 | In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of transgenic mice with altered expression of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase and creatine kinase isoenzymes显示文摘 | Heerschap A Kan HE Nabuurs CI | 2007 | Subcell Bioehem2007，46，： | 1 |
| 12 | Characterization and validation of noninvasive oxygen tension measurements in human glioma xenografts by 19F-MR relaxometry显示文摘 | Van der Sanden BP Heerschap A Simonetti AW | 1999 | Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys1999，44，3： | 1 |
| 13 | ^19F-maglletie resonance spectroscopy in patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil显示文摘 | Kamm YJ Heerschap A van den Bergh EJ | 2004 | Anticancer Drugs2004，15，： | 1 |
| 14 | Antenatal Proton MR Spectroscopy of the Human Brain in Vivo显示文摘 | Heerschap A Kok RD VandenBerg PP | 2003 | Childs Nerv Syst2003，19，78： | 1 |
| 15 | Imaging of cellular therapies 显示文摘 | Srinivas M Aarntzen EH Bulte JW Oyen W J Heerschap A de Vries I J | 2010 | Adv Drug Deliv Rev2010，62，11： | 1 |
| 16 | Quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for the assessment of mandibular invasion by squamous cell carcinoma显示文摘 | Van Cann E M Rijpkema M Heerschap A | 2008 | Oral Oncol2008，44，12： | 1 |
| 17 | Hypoxia, the subsequent systemic metabolic acidosis, and their relationship with cerebral metabolite concentrations:an in vivo spectroscopy显示文摘 | van Cappellen AM Heerschap A Nijhuis JG | 1999 | Am J Obstet Gynecol1999，181，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Skeletal muscles of mice deficient in muscle creatine kinase lack burst activity显示文摘 | van Deumen J Heerschap A Oerlemans F | 1993 | Cell1993，74，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Creatine kinase (CK) in skeletal muscle energy metabolism: a study of mouse mutants with graded reduction in muscle CK expres- sion显示文摘 | van Deursen J Ruitenbeek W Heerschap A | 1994 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1994，91，19： | 1 |
| 20 | Skeletal muscles of mice deficient in muscle creatine kinase lack burst activity 显示文摘 | van Deursen J Heerschap A Oerlemans F | 1993 | Cell1993，74，4： | 1 |
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