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| 1 | Crowdsourcing geographic information for disaster response:a research frontier显示文摘Geographic data and tools are essential in all aspects of emergency management:preparedness,response,recovery,and mitigation.Geographic information created by amateur citizens,often known as volunteered geographic information,has recently provided an interesting alternative to traditional authoritative information from mapping agencies and corporations,and several recent papers have provided the beginnings of a literature on the more fundamental issues raised by this new source.Data quality is a major concern,since volunteered information is asserted and carries none of the assurances that lead to trust in officially created data.During emergencies time is the essence,and the risks associated with volunteered information are often outweighed by the benefits of its use.An example is discussed using the four wildfires that impacted the Santa Barbara area in 20072009,and lessons are drawn. | Michael F.Goodchild JA.lan Glennon | 2010 | International Journal of Digital Earth2010，3，3： | 58 |
| 2 | Spatial cloud computing: how can the geospatial sciences use and help shape cloud computing?显示文摘The geospatial sciences face grand information technology(IT)challenges in the twenty-first century:data intensity,computing intensity,concurrent access intensity and spatiotemporal intensity.These challenges require the readiness of a computing infrastructure that can:(1)better support discovery,access and utilization of data and data processing so as to relieve scientists and engineers of IT tasks and focus on scientific discoveries;(2)provide real-time IT resources to enable real-time applications,such as emergency response;(3)deal with access spikes;and(4)provide more reliable and scalable service for massive numbers of concurrent users to advance public knowledge.The emergence of cloud computing provides a potential solution with an elastic,on-demand computing platform to integrateobservation systems,parameter extracting algorithms,phenomena simulations,analytical visualization and decision support,and to provide social impact and user feedbackthe essential elements of the geospatial sciences.We discuss the utilization of cloud computing to support the intensities of geospatial sciences by reporting from our investigations on how cloud computing could enable the geospatial sciences and how spatiotemporal principles,the kernel of the geospatial sciences,could be utilized to ensure the benefits of cloud computing.Four research examples are presented to analyze how to:(1)search,access and utilize geospatial data;(2)configure computing infrastructure to enable the computability of intensive simulation models;(3)disseminate and utilize research results for massive numbers of concurrent users;and(4)adopt spatiotemporal principles to support spatiotemporal intensive applications.The paper concludes with a discussion of opportunities and challenges for spatial cloud computing(SCC). | Chaowei Yang Michael Goodchild Qunying Huang Doug Nebert Robert Raskin Yan Xu Myra Bambacus Daniel Fay | 2011 | International Journal of Digital Earth2011，4，4： | 55 |
| 3 | Arithmetic and Fourier transform for the PYXIS multi-resolution digital Earth model显示文摘This paper investigates a multi-resolution digital Earth model called PYXIS,which was developed by PYXIS Innovation Inc.The PYXIS hexagonal grids employ an efficient hierarchical labeling scheme for addressing pixels.We provide a recursive definition of the PYXIS grids,a systematic approach to the labeling,an algorithm to add PYXIS labels,and a discussion of the discrete Fourier transform on PYXIS grids. | A.Vince X.Zheng | 2009 | International Journal of Digital Earth2009，2，1： | 20 |
| 4 | A survey of remote sensing-based aboveground biomass estimation methods in forest ecosystems显示文摘Remote sensing-based methods of aboveground biomass(AGB)estimation in forest ecosystems have gained increased attention,and substantial research has been conducted in the past three decades.This paper provides a survey of current biomass estimation methods using remote sensing data and discusses four critical issues–collection of field-based biomass reference data,extraction and selection of suitable variables from remote sensing data,identification of proper algorithms to develop biomass estimation models,and uncertainty analysis to refine the estimation procedure.Additionally,we discuss the impacts of scales on biomass estimation performance and describe a general biomass estimation procedure.Although optical sensor and radar data have been primary sources for AGB estimation,data saturation is an important factor resulting in estimation uncertainty.LIght Detection and Ranging(lidar)can remove data saturation,but limited availability of lidar data prevents its extensive application.This literature survey has indicated the limitations of using single-sensor data for biomass estimation and the importance of integrating multi-sensor/scale remote sensing data to produce accurate estimates over large areas.More research is needed to extract a vertical vegetation structure(e.g.canopy height)from interferometry synthetic aperture radar(InSAR)or optical stereo images to incorporate it into horizontal structures(e.g.canopy cover)in biomass estimation modeling. | Dengsheng Lu Qi Chen Guangxing Wang Lijuan Liu Guiying Li Emilio Moran | 2016 | International Journal of Digital Earth2016，9，1： | 17 |
| 5 | A long-term Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS)data-set for environmental studies显示文摘Recently,five Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS)products have been released:leaf area index(LAI),shortwave broadband albedo,longwave broadband emissivity,incident short radiation,and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR).The first three products cover the years 19822012(LAI)and 19812010(albedo and emissivity)at 15 km and 8-day resolutions,and the last two radiation products span the period 20082010 at 5 km and 3-h resolutions.These products have been evaluated and validated,and the preliminary results indicate that they are of higher quality and accuracy than the existing products.In particular,the first three products have much longer time series,and are therefore highly suitable for various environmental studies.This paper outlines the algorithms,product characteristics,preliminary validation results,potential applications and some examples of initial analysis of these products. | Shunlin Liang Xiang Zhao Suhong Liu Wenping Yuan Xiao Cheng Zhiqiang Xiao Xiaotong Zhang Qiang Liu Jie Cheng Hairong Tang Yonghua Qu Yancheng Bo Ying Qu Huazhong Ren Kai Yu John Townshend | 2013 | International Journal of Digital Earth2013，6，S01： | 16 |
| 6 | A time series for monitoring vegetation activity and phenology at 10-daily time steps covering large parts of South America显示文摘It is widely accepted that natural resources should only be sustainably exploited and utilized to effectively preserve our planet for future generations.To better manage the natural resources,and to better understand the closely linked Earth systems,the concept of Digital Earth has been strongly promoted since US Vice President Al Gore’s speech in 1998.One core element of Digital Earth is the use and integration of remote sensing data.Only satellite imagery can cover the entire globe repeatedly at a sufficient high-spatial resolution to map changes in land cover and land use,but also to detect more subtle changes related for instance to climate change.To uncover global change effects on vegetation activity and phenology,it is important to establish high quality time series characterizing the past situation against which the current state can be compared.With the present study we describe a time series of vegetation activity at 10-daily time steps between 1998 and 2008 covering large parts of South America at 1 km spatial resolution.Particular emphasis was put on noise removal.Only carefully filtered time series of vegetation indices can be used as a benchmark and for studying vegetation dynamics at a continental scale.Without temporal smoothing,subtle spatio-temporal patterns in vegetation composition,density and phenology would be hidden by atmospheric noise and undetected clouds.Such noise is immanent in data that have undergone solely a maximum value compositing.Within the present study,the Whittaker smoother(WS)was applied to a SPOT VGT time series.The WS balances the fidelity to the observations with the roughness of the smoothed curve.The algorithm is extremely fast,gives continuous control over smoothness with only one parameter,and interpolates automatically.The filtering efficiently removed the negatively biased noise present in the original data,while preserving the overall shape of the curves showing vegetation growth and development.Geostatistical variogram analysis revealed a significantly increased signal-to-noise ratio compared to the raw data.Analysis of the data also revealed spatially consistent key phenological markers.Extracted seasonality parameters followed a clear meridional trend.Compared to the unfiltered data,the filtered time series increased the separability of various land cover classes.It is thus expected that the data set holds great potential for environmental and vegetation related studies within the frame of Digital Earth. | Clement Atzbergera Paul HCEilers | 2011 | International Journal of Digital Earth2011，4，5： | 14 |
| 7 | A global,high-resolution(30-m)inland water body dataset for 2000:first results of a topographic-spectral classification algorithm显示文摘The science and management of terrestrial ecosystems require accurate,high-resolution mapping of surface water.We produced a global,30-m-resolution inland surface water dataset with an automated algorithm using Landsat-based surface reflectance estimates,multispectral water and vegetation indices,terrain metrics,and prior coarse-resolution water masks.The dataset identified 3,650,723 km2 of inland water globally–nearly three quarters of which was located in North America(40.65%)and Asia(32.77%),followed by Europe(9.64%),Africa(8.47%),South America(6.91%),and Oceania(1.57%).Boreal forests contained the largest portion of terrestrial surface water(25.03%of the global total),followed by the nominal‘inland water’biome(16.36%),tundra(15.67%),and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests(13.91%).Agreement with respect to the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer water mask and Landsat-based national land-cover datasets was very high,with commission errors<4%and omission errors<14%relative to each.Most of these were accounted for in the seasonality of water cover,snow and ice,and clouds–effects which were compounded by differences in image acquisition date relative to reference datasets.The Global Land Cover Facility(GLCF)inland surface water dataset is available for open access at the GLCF website(http://gffzzc4da8a9a1d6d4c7ah006ox96o65pn69vq.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn). | Min Feng Joseph O.Sexton Saurabh Channan John R.Townshend | 2016 | International Journal of Digital Earth2016，9，2： | 13 |
| 8 | Big Earth Data science:an information framework for a sustainable planet显示文摘The digital transformation of our society coupled with the increasing exploitation of natural resources makes sustainability challenges more complex and dynamic than ever before.These changes will unlikely stop or even decelerate in the near future.There is an urgent need for a new scientific approach and an advanced form of evidence-based decisionmaking towards the benefit of society,the economy,and the environment.To understand the impacts and interrelationships between humans as a society and natural Earth system processes,we propose a new engineering discipline,Big Earth Data science.This science is called to provide the methodologies and tools to generate knowledge from diverse,numerous,and complex data sources necessary to ensure a sustainable human society essential for the preservation of planet Earth.Big Earth Data science aims at utilizing data from Earth observation and social sensing and develop theories for understanding the mechanisms of how such a social-physical system operates and evolves.The manuscript introduces the universe of discourse characterizing this new science,its foundational paradigms and methodologies,and a possible technological framework to be implemented by applying an ecosystem approach.CASEarth and GEOSS are presented as examples of international implementation attempts.Conclusions discuss important challenges and collaboration opportunities. | Huadong Guo Stefano Nativi Dong Liang Max Craglia Lizhe Wang Sven Schade Christina Corban Guojin He Martino Pesaresi Jianhui Li Zeeshan Shirazi Jie Liu Alessandro Annoni | 2020 | International Journal of Digital Earth2020，13，7： | 12 |
| 9 | Evolution and implementation of the Digital Earth vision,technology and society显示文摘Digital Earth’s framework can be traced to evolutionary threads with historic foundations that fostered the fertile conceptual and technological incubation.These threads incorporate writings,such as those of the visionary engineering-genius,Buckminster Fuller,in conjunction with an array of space age develop-ments in computers,internet and communications,satellites,and education.In 1998,when Vice President Al Gore articulated the Digital Earth Vision,he portrayed the vision based upon myriad technology factors for the intellectual foundation and sparked a worldwide phenomenon that fortuitously included the Chinese leadership’s recognition and acceptance.The Beijing Declaration is recognised for its role promulgating the International Digital Earth Symposium series to promote better understanding of the impacts of Digital Earth technology and applications on behalf of all humankind.Combinations of industrial,academic,and government organisations have advanced the technological components necessary for implementing the Digital Earth Vision at a prodigious rate.Commercial leaders,such as Google,have accelerated the influence of large segments of society towards components of the Digital Earth Vision.However,challenges still remain regarding requisite collaboration on international stan-dards for metadata,interoperability,and data formats for space and time that will affect Digital Earth implementation scenarios.Functional requirements for the model Digital Earth geobrowser remain to be fully articulated.The current paper presents an overview of the historical components,the key players on the international scene,the catalytic technological advances,and the societal response to the growth of the Digital Earth community. | T.W.Foresman | 2008 | International Journal of Digital Earth2008，1，1： | 11 |
| 10 | Tracking desertification on the Mongolian steppe through NDVI and field-survey data显示文摘Changing environmental and socio-economic conditions make land degradation,a major concern in Central and East Asia.Globally satellite imagery,particularly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data,has proved an effective tool for monitoring land cover change.This study examines 33 grassland water points using vegetation field studies and remote sensing techniques to track desertification on the Mongolian plateau.Findings established a significant correlation between same-year field observation(line transects)and NDVI data,enabling an historical land cover perspective to be developed from 1998 to 2006.Results show variable land cover patterns in Mongolia with a 16%decrease in plant density over the time period.Decline in cover identified by NDVI suggests degradation;however,continued annual fluctuation indicates desertificationirreversible land cover changehas not occurred.Further,in situ data documenting greater cover near water points implies livestock overgrazing is not causing degradation at water sources.In combination of the two research methodsremote sensing and field surveysstrengthen findings and provide an effective way to track desertification in dryland regions. | Troy Sternberg Renchin Tsolmon Nicholas Middleton David Thomas | 2011 | International Journal of Digital Earth2011，4，1： | 11 |
| 11 | Improvements on global meteorological observations from the current Fengyun 3 satellites and beyond显示文摘The Fengyun 3(FY-3)series is the second generation of Chinese sun-synchronous meteorological satellites.The first two,FY-3A and FY-3B,were launched successfully on 27 May 2008 and 5 November 2010,respectively.FY-3A and FY-3B share the same design,equipped with 11 payloads to observe the Earth system,but FY-3A is on a monitoring-orbit and FY-3B is on an afternoon-orbit.As a satellite constellation,FY-3A and FY-3B comprehensively improved meteorological observations in spectral wavelength,spatial coverage,and temporal frequency.This paper summarizes the improvements of the FY-3A and FY-3B satellites.New features,including optical imaging capacity from kilometer to hundred-meter resolution,passive microwave imaging,atmospheric temperature and moisture sounding,atmospheric chemistry remote sensing,and Earth radiation budget measurement,are presented with demonstrations of their use.Instruments scheduled for the FY-3C and beyond are introduced as well. | Jun Yang Peng Zhang Naimeng Lu Zhongdong Yang Jinming Shi Chaohua Dong | 2012 | International Journal of Digital Earth2012，5，3： | 11 |
| 12 | Toward an improved data stewardship and service for environmental and ecological science data in West China显示文摘Sharing of scientific data can help scientific research to flourish and facilitate more widespread use of scientific data for the benefit of society.The Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center for West China(WestDC),sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),aims to collect,manage,integrate,and disseminate environmental and ecological data from western China.It also aims to provide a long-term data service for multidisciplinary research within NSFC’s‘‘Environment and Ecology of West China Research Plan’’(NSFC West Plan).An integrated platform has been developed by the WestDC,and this has the function of data sharing,acting as a knowledge repository.Major data sets developed by the WestDC include basic geographic data,the regionalization of global data set for China,scientific data for cold and arid regions in China,scientific data for the cryosphere in countries that neighbor China,data relating to the inland river basins in northwestern China,and data submitted by the NSFC West Plan projects.In compliance with the‘‘full and open’’data sharing policy,most data in the WestDC can be accessed online.Highlights include detailed data documentation,the integration of data with bibliographic knowledge,data publishing,and data reference. | Xin Li Zhuotong Nan Guodong Cheng Yongjian Ding Lizong Wu Liangxu Wang Jian Wang Youhua Ran Hongxing Li Xiaoduo Pan Zhongming Zhu | 2011 | International Journal of Digital Earth2011，4，4： | 11 |
| 13 | Production of global land cover data-GLCNMO显示文摘Global land cover is one of the fundamental contents of Digital Earth.The Global Mapping project coordinated by the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping has produced a 1-km global land cover datasetGlobal Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations.It has 20 land cover classes defined using the Land Cover Classification System.Of them,14 classes were derived using supervised classification.The remaining six were classified independently:urban,tree open,mangrove,wetland,snow/ice,andwater.Primary source data of this land cover mapping were eight periods of 16-day composite 7-band 1-km MODIS data of 2003.Training data for supervised classification were collected using Landsat images,MODIS NDVI seasonal change patterns,Google Earth,Virtual Earth,existing regional maps,and expert’s comments.The overall accuracy is 76.5%and the overall accuracy with the weight of the mapped area coverage is 81.2%.The data are available from the Global Mapping project website(http://gffzzdeb47a470fc54296h006ox96o65pn69vq.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/).TheMODISdata used,land cover training data,and a list of existing regional maps are also available from the CEReS website.This mapping attempt demonstrates that training/validation data accumulation from different mapping projects must be promoted to support future global land cover mapping. | Ryutaro Tateishi Bayaer Uriyangqai Hussam Al-Bilbisi Mohamed Aboel Ghar Javzandulam Tsend-Ayush Toshiyuki Kobayashi Alimujiang Kasimu Nguyen Thanh Hoan Adel Shalaby Bayan Alsaaideh Tsevenge Enkhzaya Gegentana Hiroshi P.Sato | 2011 | International Journal of Digital Earth2011，4，1： | 11 |
| 14 | The HY-2 satellite and its preliminary assessment显示文摘The HY-2 satellite was successfully launched on 16 August 2011.It carried four microwave instruments into space for operationally observing dynamic ocean environment parameters on a global scale.The HY-2 satellite altimeter provides sea surface height(SSH),significant wave height(SWH),sea surface wind(SSW)speed,and polar ice sheet elevation,while the HY-2 satellite scatterometer provides SSW fields.At the same time,other oceanic and atmospheric parameters such as sea surface temperature(SST)and wind speed,water vapor and liquid water content can also be obtained by its onboard scanning microwave radiometer.In this paper,we show the data processing methods of the HY-2 satellite’s payloads.The preliminary results show that wind vector,SSH,SWH,and SST conform to the designed technical specifications. | Xingwei Jiang Mingsen Lin Jianqiang Liu Youguang Zhang Xuetong Xie Hailong Peng Wu Zhou | 2012 | International Journal of Digital Earth2012，5，3： | 10 |
| 15 | Global characterization and monitoring of forest cover using Landsat data: opportunities and challenges显示文摘The compilation of global Landsat data-sets and the ever-lowering costs of computing now make it feasible to monitor the Earth’s land cover at Landsat resolutions of 30 m.In this article,we describe the methods to create global products of forest cover and cover change at Landsat resolutions.Nevertheless,there are many challenges in ensuring the creation of high-quality products.And we propose various ways in which the challenges can be overcome.Among the challenges are the need for atmospheric correction,incorrect calibration coefficients in some of the data-sets,the different phenologies between compila-tions,the need for terrain correction,the lack of consistent reference data for training and accuracy assessment,and the need for highly automated character-ization and change detection.We propose and evaluate the creation and use of surface reflectance products,improved selection of scenes to reduce phenological differences,terrain illumination correction,automated training selection,and the use of information extraction procedures robust to errors in training data along with several other issues.At several stages we use Moderate Resolution Spectro-radiometer data and products to assist our analysis.A global working prototype product of forest cover and forest cover change is included. | John R.Townshend Jeffrey G.Masek Chengquan Huang Eric.F.Vermote Feng Gao Saurabh Channan Joseph O.Sexton Min Feng Raghuram Narasimhan Dohyung Kim Kuan Song Danxia Song Xiao-Peng Song Praveen Noojipady Bin Tan Matthew C.Hansen Mengxue Li Robert E.Wolfe | 2012 | International Journal of Digital Earth2012，5，5： | 10 |
| 16 | A new global raster water mask at 250 m resolution显示文摘Accurate depiction of the land and water is critical for the production of land surface parameters from remote sensing data products.Certain parameters,including the land surface temperature,active fires and surface reflectance,can be processed differently when the underlying surface is water as compared with land.Substantial errors in the underlying water mask can then pervade into these products and any products created from them.Historically many global databases have been created to depict global surface water.These databases still fall short of the current needs of the terrestrial remote sensing community working at 250 m spatial resolution.The most recent attempt to address the problem uses the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)data set to create the SRTM Water Body Data set(SWBD 2005).The SWBD represents a good first step but still requires additional work to expand the spatial coverage to include the whole globe and to address some erroneous discontinuities in major river networks.To address this issue a new water mask product has been created using the SWBD in combination with MODIS 250 m data to create a complete global map of surface water at 250 m spatial resolution.This effort is automated and intended to produce a dataset for use in processing of raster data(MODIS and future instruments)and for masking out water in final terrestrial raster data products.This new global dataset is produced from remotely sensed data and provided to the public in digital format,free of charge.The data set can be found on the Global Land Cover Facility(GLCF)website at http://gffzzc81058f1362a4c16h006ox96o65pn69vq.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn dataset is expected to be a base set of information to describe the surface of Earth as either land or water which is a fundamental distinction upon which other descriptions can be made. | M.L.Carroll J.R.Townshend C.M.DiMiceli P.Noojipady R.A.Sohlberg | 2009 | International Journal of Digital Earth2009，2，4： | 10 |
| 17 | Identifying damage caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake from VHR remote sensing data显示文摘The paper discusses the potential of very high resolution(VHR)satellite imagery for post-earthquake damage assessment in comparison with the role of aerial photographs.Post-disaster optical and radar satellite data are assessed for their ability to resolve collapsed buildings,destroyed transportation infrastructure,and specific land cover changes.Optical VHR imagery has shown to be effective in quantifying building stock and for assessing damage at the building level.Highresolution synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imagery requires further research to identify optimum information extraction procedures for rapid assessment of affected buildings.Based on current technical and operational capabilities increasing efforts should be devoted to the generation of spatial datasets for disaster preparedness. | D.Ehrlicha H.D.Guo K.Molch J.W.Ma M.Pesaresi | 2009 | International Journal of Digital Earth2009，2，4： | 10 |
| 18 | The Sensor Web:systems of sensor systems显示文摘Global Earth Observing System of Systems(GEOSS)presents a great challenge of System of Systems integration across organisational and political boundaries.One existing paradigm that can address the scale of the challenge is that of the Sensor Web.In this paradigm,the internet is evolving into an active,macro sensing instrument,capable of drawing sensory data from around the globe to the fingertips of individuals.The Sensor Web will support scientific research and facilitate transparent political decision making.This article presents some of the technologies explored and activities engaged in by the GEOSS Sensor Web community,towards achieving GEOSS goals. | T.L.van Zyl I.Simonis G.McFerren | 2009 | International Journal of Digital Earth2009，2，1： | 9 |
| 19 | Incorporating DeepLabv3+and object-based image analysis for semantic segmentation of very high resolution remote sensing images显示文摘Semantic segmentation of remote sensing images is an important but unsolved problem in the remote sensing society.Advanced image semantic segmentation models,such as DeepLabv3+,have achieved astonishing performance for semantically labeling very high resolution(VHR)remote sensing images.However,it is difficult for these models to capture the precise outlines of ground objects and explore the context information that revealing relationships among image objects for optimizing segmentation results.Consequently,this study proposes a semantic segmentation method for VHR images by incorporating deep learning semantic segmentation model(DeepLabv3+)and objectbased image analysis(OBIA),wherein DSM is employed to provide geometric information to enhance the interpretation of VHR images.The proposed method first obtains two initial probabilistic labeling predictions using a DeepLabv3+network on spectral image and a random forest(RF)classifier on hand-crafted features,respectively.These two predictions are then integrated by Dempster-Shafer(D-S)evidence theory to be fed into an object-constrained higher-order conditional random field(CRF)framework to estimate the final semantic labeling results with the consideration of the spatial contextual information.The proposed method is applied to the ISPRS 2D semantic labeling benchmark,and competitive overall accuracies of 90.6%and 85.0%are achieved for Vaihingen and Potsdam datasets,respectively. | Shouji Du Shihong Du Bo Liu Xiuyuan Zhang | 2021 | International Journal of Digital Earth2021，14，3： | 9 |
| 20 | Geological applications using geospatial standards-an example from OneGeology-Europe and GeoSciML显示文摘The Geoscience Markup Language(GeoSciML)has been developed to enable the interchange of geoscience information,principally that portrayed on geological maps as well as boreholes.A GeoSciML testbed was developed both to test the implementation of the data model and its application in web services.The OneGeology-Europe project aims to use the GeoSciML data model,and build on the experience of the GeoSciML testbed,in implementing a geoportal for a harmonised geological map of Europe at 1:1 million scale.This involves the integration of web services from 20 participating organisations.An important objective of OneGeology-Europe is to contribute to Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community(INSPIRE),both through the development of a geological data specification and the use of the INSPIRE technical architecture.GeoSciML and the OneGeology-Europe project are also steps towards incorporating geoscience data into a Digital Earth.Both the development of GeoSciML and the implementation of web services for GeoSciML and OneGeology-Europe,have followed a standards-based metho-dology.The technical architecture comprises a geoportal providing access to a Catalogue Service for the Web for metadata describing both the data and services available.OneGeology-Europe will provide bothWeb Map Services view andWeb Feature Services download services,which aim to be compliant with the INSPIRE implementing rules. | John Laxton Jean-Jacques Serrano Agnes Tellez-Arenas | 2010 | International Journal of Digital Earth2010，3，S01： | 9 |
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