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| 1 | Petroleum Geology in Deepwater Settings in a Passive Continental Margin of a Marginal Sea:A Case Study from the South China Sea显示文摘Deepwater oil and gas exploration has become a global hotspot in recent years and the study of the deep waters of marginal seas is an important frontier research area.The South China Sea(SCS)is a typical marginal sea that includes Paleo SCS and New SCS tectonic cycles.The latter includes continental marginal rifting,intercontinental oceanic expansion and oceanic shrinking,which controlled the evolution of basins,and the generation,migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the deepwater basins on the continental margin of the northern SCS.In the Paleogene,the basins rifted along the margin of the continent and were filled mainly with sediments in marine-continental transitional environments.In the Neogene–Quaternary,due to thermal subsidence,neritic-abyssal facies sediments from the passive continental margin of the SCS mainly filled the basins.The source rocks include mainly Oligocene coal-bearing deltaic and marine mudstones,which were heated by multiple events with high geothermal temperature and terrestrial heat flow,resulting in the generation of gas and oil.The faults,diapirs and sandstones controlled the migration of hydrocarbons that accumulated principally in a large canyon channel,a continental deepwater fan,and a shelf-margin delta. | ZHANG Gongcheng FENG Congjun YAO Xingzong JI Mo YANG Haizhang QU Hongjun ZENG Qingbo ZHAO Zhao SUN Rui | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 6 |
| 2 | Reservoir Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of the Mesozoic Granite Buried Hills in the Deep-water of the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea显示文摘Due to its structure,rock and mineral composition,fluid and other factors,the granite Buried Hill Reservoir is highly heterogeneous with a complex longitudinal structure and a reservoir space made up of a combination of dissolution pores and fractures.This paper is based on current understanding of tectonic evolution in the northern part of the South China Sea,in conjunction with the seismic phase characteristics.It is determined that the meshed fault system was formed by three stages of movement-tectonic compression orogeny during the Indochinese epoch,strike-slip compression-tension during the Yanshanian Period,early fracture extension activation during the Himalayan-which controlled the distribution of the Buried Hill Reservoir.Drilling revealed two types of buried hills,faulted anticline and fault horst,their longitudinal structure and the reservoir space type being significantly different.The mineral composition,reservoir space and diagenetic characteristics of the reservoir rocks and minerals were analyzed by lithogeochemistry,micro section and logging etc.,it thus being determined that the Mesozoic rocks of the Songnan Low Uplift in the Qiongdongnan Basin are mainly composed of syenogranite,granodiorite,monzogranite,which is the material basis for the development of the Buried Hill Reservoir.The content of felsic and other brittle minerals is more than 70%,making it easy for it to be transformed into fractures.At the same time,the weathering resistance of granodiorite and monzogranite is weaker than that of syenogranite,which is easily weathered and destroyed,forming a thick sand gravel weathering zone.With increasing depth of burial,weathering and dissolution gradually weaken,the deep acidic fluid improving the reservoir property of internal fractures and expanding the vertical distribution range of the reservoirs.The research results lay a foundation for the exploration of Buried Hill in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin. | YOU Li XU Shouli MAO Xuelian ZHONG Jia JIAO Yaoqi XIONG Xiaofeng | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 5 |
| 3 | 全球5个深水盆地带油气地质特征显示文摘深水油气是当今世界勘探的三大热点之一。基于板块构造理论,全球海洋深水油气盆地沿“三竖两横”5个巨型带分布,“三竖”是近南北走向的大西洋陆缘深水盆地带、东非陆缘深水盆地带、西太平洋陆缘深水盆地带;“两横”是近东西走向的新特提斯构造域陆缘深水盆地带与环北冰洋陆缘深水盆地带。在以上5个盆地带均有巨型—大型油气区发现,共15个。研究发现,巨型—大型油气区形成受三大因素控制。首要因素是发育世界级烃源岩,包括大型湖相、海陆过渡相和海相3类烃源岩,其中湖相烃源岩主要发育于南大西洋陆缘盆地,海相烃源岩分布在北大西洋陆缘盆地、东非陆缘盆地等海湾环境,海陆过渡相烃源岩主要分布在西太平洋陆缘盆地和新特提斯构造域陆缘盆地大型煤系河流三角洲。第二个因素是发育世界级优质储层,包括碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两类:碎屑岩储层主要是受大型河流—三角洲控制发育的浊积扇,碳酸盐岩主要与介壳灰岩等有关。第三个因素是世界级圈闭群发育,包括盐构造圈闭、重力滑脱构造圈闭、巨型逆冲退覆构造圈闭、大型浊积体岩性圈闭等。全球海洋深水盆地勘探具有不平衡、不充分特征,存在战略拓展、战略突破、战略发现和战略准备4个战略领域。战略拓展方向包括已证实巨型—大型油气区已证实的富油气成藏组合,是目前获取储量的主要领域,是投资风险小、见效快的投资方向。战略突破方向主要包括已证实巨型—大型油气区的新成藏组合,是烃源岩条件已证实的领域,实现商业性发现的风险小。战略发现方向是已有油气显示或潜在商业发现的潜在油气区,存在规模性发现的潜力。战略准备方向是目前还没有发现、但存在大发现可能的区域。总体看,全球深水油气勘探潜力巨大。 | 张功成 冯杨伟 屈红军 | 2022 | 中国石油勘探2022，27，2： | 5 |
| 4 | 琼东南盆地南部梅山组丘状体沉积特征及成因机制显示文摘琼东南盆地南部梅山组具有独特的丘状反射特征,关于其成因机制引起了广泛关注和讨论。以琼东南盆地大量二维地震资料和高分辨率三维地震资料解释为基础,在深水钻井标定下,从地震相特征、沉积物物源、沉积搬运通道、古地貌特征以及海平面变化和构造活动6个方面,阐明了梅山组丘状体的沉积特征,并讨论了其成因机制。研究结果表明,中中新统梅山组沉积时期,受强制性海退影响,琼东南盆地范围内海平面下降至低水位,南部隆起局部暴露剥蚀,提供了大量沉积物源;上中新统黄流组沉积时期,盆地局部构造活动使得南部隆起物源发生重力失稳,通过深水水道向盆地中央以重力流方式搬运沉积物。琼东南盆地梅山组地层的丘状反射特征是黄流组沉积时期以南部隆起沉积物为物源的浊流侵蚀下伏梅山组地层所致。对该丘状体成因机制的深入研究,不但有助于丰富对丘状地震反射现象的认识,而且揭示了其沉积构成为粗碎屑沉积物而非生物礁滩沉积,对深水油气勘探储层特征及评价具有重要意义。 | 熊鹏飞 姜涛 匡增桂 程聪 任金锋 赖洪飞 | 2021 | 地质科技通报2021，40，4： | 5 |
| 5 | Cenozoic Sea-land Transition and its Petroleum Geological Significance in the Northern South China Sea显示文摘The process of Cenozoic sea-land changes in the northern South China Sea(SCS)controlled the sedimentary filling pattern and played an important role in the petroleum geological characteristics of the northern marginal sedimentary basins.Under the control of the opening process of the SCS,the northern SCS Cenozoic transgression generally showed the characteristics of early in the east and late in the west,and early in the south and late in the north.The initial transgression occurred in the Eocene in the Taixinan Basin(TXNB)of the eastern SCS,while the transgression occurred until the Pliocene in the Yinggehai Basin(YGHB)of the western SCS.International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expeditions(Expeditions 367/368)revealed that the initial transgression of the SCS basin occurred at approximately 34 Ma,which was the initial opening time of the SCS.The period of drastic changes in the sedimentary environment caused by large-scale transgression corresponded to the opening time of the southwestern subbasin(approximately 23 Ma),which also represented the peak of the spreading of the SCS.The sea-land transition process controls the distribution of alternating continent-marine facies,marine facies source rocks and reservoirs in the basins.The marine facies source rocks of the basins in the northern SCS have a trend of gradually becoming younger from east to west,which is consistent with the regional process of gradual transgression from east to west.Regional sea-level changes were comprehensively influenced by SCS opening and global sea-level changes.These processes led to the early development in the east and south and late development in the west and north for the carbonate platform in the SCS.Carbonate platforms form another type of'selfgenerating and self-accumulating'oil-gas reservoir in the northern SCS.The sea-land transition controlled the depositional filling patterns of different basins and laid the foundation of marine deposits for oil and gas resources.The source-reservoircap assemblage in the northern SCS was controlled horizontally by provenance supply and sedimentary environmental changes caused by sea-land transition and vertically by the tectonic evolution of the SCS and regional sea-level changes. | ZHAO Zhigang ZHANG Hao CUI Yuchi TANG Wu QIAO Peijun | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 2 |
| 6 | 琼东南盆地深水区梅山组丘状反射体地质解释显示文摘琼东南盆地深水区梅山组一段层序内发育大量丘状反射体,目前共有油气钻井6口,二维地震测线约12 000km,测网密度大多为6km×8km。三维地震区两块面积共约1 700km^2。以国内外研究现状与进展及区域地质资料为基础,立足研究区钻井资料、二维地震与三维地震剖面资料,通过地震测线剖面追踪,刻画丘状反射体地震反射特征和几何形态,进而开展波阻抗反演、类比与对比分析,结合成礁古构造背景研究等,分类对丘状反射体给出合理地质解释。研究结果表明:琼东南盆地深水区梅山组一段发育4类丘状反射体,地质解释为生物礁、等深积岩丘和底辟构造3类地质体。生物礁为斑礁群和台地边缘礁,发育在古地貌高地的清水环境,跟周围地层相比具有同期地层厚度增大特点。斑礁群为中强震中频丘状地震相,分布在南部斜坡缓坡单斜型台地的高部位;台地边缘礁为强震中频扁平丘状地震相,主要发育在南部隆起碳酸岩台地边缘。单个生物礁外形呈丘状、凸透镜状,具有礁脊和礁沟,内部可见前积,翼间双向上超,顶、底强反射,轮廓清晰。垂直于古水深方向礁前比礁后陡,呈微不对称,平行于古水深方向礁体呈对称—微不对称。波阻抗反演显示礁顶底统一连续,斑礁群波阻抗值达到7kg/m3*m/s左右,台地边缘礁波阻抗值达到7.5kg/m3*m/s左右。等深积岩丘为中强震中连低频丘状地震相,分布在南部斜坡带单斜型台地台缘斜坡。等深积岩断面上呈丘状,丘与丘之间界线模糊不清,在平面上呈长条状,波阻抗值为5.8kg/m3*m/s左右,与生物礁显著区别。岩浆底辟显著特点是具有'根'。 | 王云 冯杨伟 张功成 | 2018 | 矿物岩石2018，38，1： | 2 |
| 7 | Petroleum geology and exploration direction of gas province in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin, Australia显示文摘North Carnarvon Basin is a gas province with minor oily sweet spots in deepwater area with water depth more than 500 m,which is one of the hot spots of global petroleum exploration for its series of giant hydrocarbon discoveries in recent years.However,the degree of oil and gas exploration in deepwater area is still low,and the conditions for oil and gas accumulation are not clear.Based on the current exploration situation and latest database of fields,applying multidisciplinary analysis of hydrocarbon geology,hydrocarbon accumulation elements and its exploration direction of North Carnarvon Basin in deepwater area are analyzed.The results show that there are three sets of main source rocks in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin,which are Triassic marine shale in Locker Formation and delta coal-bearing mudstone with thin carbonaceous mudstone in Mungaroo Formation,Lower–Middle Jurassic paralic carbargilite and coal measure strata in Athol Formation and Murat Formation,Cretaceous delta mudstone in Barrow Group and marine shale in Muderong Formation.Most source rock samples show gas-prone capability.The coarse sandstone of delta facies in Middle–Upper Triassic Mungaroo Formation is the most important reservoir in deepwater area,Lower Cretaceous Barrow Group deep-water gravity flow or underwater fan turbidite sandstone is the secondly main reservoir.Lower Cretaceous marine shale in Muderong Formation is most important regional caprock.Triassic mudstone in Mungaroo Formation is an important interlayer caprock in deepwater area.There are two main reservoir accumulation assemblages in deepwater area,one is Triassic structural-unconformity plane reservoir accumulation assemblage of Locker Formation to Mungaroo Formation,and the other is Lower–Middle Jurassic Athol Formation and Murat Formation–Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic lithology-structural reservoir accumulation assemblage of Barrow Group to Muderong Formation.There are three main control factors of hydrocarbon Accumulation:One is coupling of source and seal control hydrocarbon distribution area,the second is multi-stage large wave dominated deltas dominate accumulation zone,the third is direction of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in hydrocarbon-rich generation depression was controlled by overpressure.The south of Exmouth platform in deepwater area is adjacent to hydrocarbon rich depression zone,reservoir assemblage is characterized by“near source rocks,excellent reservoir facies,high position and excellent caprocks”,which is the main battlefield of deepwater oil and gas exploration in North Carnarvon Basin at present.There are a lot of fault block traps in the northern structural belt of Exmouth platform,and the favorable sedimentary facies belt at the far end of delta plain in Mungaroo Formation is widely distributed,which is the next favorable exploration zone.The Lower Cretaceous,which is located at the concave edge uplift adjacent to the investigator depression and the Exmouth platform,also has a certain exploration prospect in northwest of deepwater area. | Yang-wei Feng Yan Ren Gong-cheng Zhang Hong-jun Qu | 2020 | China Geology2020，3，4： | 2 |
| 8 | Petroleum Migration Characteristics in the Northeastern Part of the Baiyun Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea显示文摘This paper investigates the origin and migration characteristics of petroleum in the northeastern part of the Baiyun Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB).The discovered petroleum in the study area is mainly located in the Lower Zhujiang Member(N_(1)z^(2))and mainly originated from the Enping Formation source rocks in the eastern sag.Active faults(vertical migration)and N_(1)z^(2)sandstones(lateral migration)acted as the petroleum migration systems.The fault activities in the Dongsha event controlled the episodic petroleum migration.Fractures in the fault zones provided effective conduits,and overpressure was the driving force.The vertical migration could not cross the fault zones laterally.The petroleum injection areas in the carrier beds were the contact zones of petroleum-migration faults and carrier beds.The lateral migration was steady-state migration,and buoyancy was the driving force.The migration pathways in the carrier beds were controlled by the structural morphology.Secondary petroleum migration in the study area could be divided into two parts:vertical migration along the fractures in the fault zones and lateral migration through preferential petroleum migration pathways(PPMPs)in the carrier beds.The petroleum migration behaviors,including migrating direction,driving force,and migration pattern,in the faults and sandstone carrier beds were quite different.This study provides a typical example for comprehending secondary migration processes and has great importance for determining future exploration targets in the deep-water area of the PRMB. | ZENG Jianhui WANG Chen GUO Shuai YU Yixin ZHANG Zhongtao YANG Haizhang ZHAO Zhao SUN Rui | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 2 |
| 9 | Structural Characteristics and its Significances on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Yunkai Low Uplift,Pearl River Mouth Basin显示文摘The Yunkai low uplift with low exploration degree is close to the Baiyun sag,and has hydrocarbon exploration potential in the deepwater area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin.Based on seismic and drilling data,balanced profiles and growth strata,this paper mainly discusses geological structures and formation processes of the Yunkai low uplift,and also analyzes the characteristics of fault system and their influence on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.The EWtrending basement faults divide the Yunkai low uplift into two parts,i.e.the southern sector and the northern sector.The northern sector is a relatively wide and gentle uplift,while the southern sector is composed of two secondary half-grabens with faulting in the south and overlapping in the north.The Yunkai low uplift experienced three major formation stages,including the rapid uplifting stage during the deposition period of the Eocene Wenchang Formation,the slow uplifting stage during the deposition period of the Late Eocene-Middle Miocene Enping-Hanjiang formations,and the whole burial stage from the Middle Miocene to present.The extensional faults in the Yunkai low uplift and its adjacent areas strike mainly along the NW,NWW and near-EW directions.Also,the strikes of faults present a clockwise rotation from the deep to the shallow strata.According to effects of faults on hydrocarbon accumulation the faults in the Yunkai low uplift and its adjacent areas can be divided into trap-controlled faults and source-controlled faults.The trap-controlled faults control trap development and can effectively seal oil and gas.The source-controlled faults connect directly source rocks and reservoirs,which are highly active during the rifting stage and weakly active since the Miocene.This activity features of the source-controlled faults is beneficial to migration of the early crude oil from the Baiyun sag to the high part of the Yunkai low uplift,but is not good for migration of the late natural gas.In the Yunkai low uplift and its adjacent areas,the traps in the deep Zhuhai and Enping formations that are close to source rocks in the Baiyun sag should be the favorable exploration objectives. | YU Yixin ZHANG Tianlong ZHANG Zhongtao ZHANG Gongcheng ZENG Jianhui YANG Haizhang ZHAO Zhao LIANG Weiwei | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Tectonic Evolution and Key Geological Issues of the ProtoSouth China Sea显示文摘There are numerous controversies surrounding the tectonic properties and evolution of the Proto-South China Sea(PSCS).By combining data from previously published works with our geological and paleontological observations of the South China Sea(SCS),we propose that the PSCS should be analyzed within two separate contexts:its paleogeographic location and the history of its oceanic crust.With respect to its paleogeographic location,the tectonic properties of the PSCS vary widely from the Triassic to the mid-Late Cretaceous.In the Triassic,the Paleo-Tethys and the Paleo-Pacific Oceans were the major causes of tectonic changes in the SCS,while the PCSC may have been a remnant sea residing upon Tethys or Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust.In the Jurassic,the Meso-Tethys and the Paleo-Pacific oceans joined,creating a PSCS back-arc basin consisting of Meso-Tethys and/or Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust.From the Early Cretaceous to the midLate Cretaceous,the Paleo-Pacific Ocean was the main tectonic body affecting the SCS;the PSCS may have been a marginal sea or a back-arc basin with Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust.With respect to its oceanic crust,due to the subduction and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific plate in Southeast Asia at the end of the Late Cretaceous,the SCS probably produced new oceanic crust,which allowed the PSCS to formally emerge.At this time,the PSCS was most likely a combination of a new marginal sea and a remnant sea;its oceanic crust,which eventually subducted and became extinct,consisted of both new oceanic crust and remnant oceanic crust from the Paleo-Pacific Ocean.In the present day,the remnant PSCS oceanic crust is located in the southwestern Nansha Trough. | TIAN Zhiwen TANG Wu WANG Pujun ZHAO Zhigang SUN Xiaomeng TANG Huafeng | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Seismic Recognition and Origin of Miocene Meishan Formation Contourite Deposits in the Southern Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea显示文摘Research into the contourite deposits in the Upper Meishan Formation of the southern Qiongdongnan Basin in South China Sea is weak;their characteristics,distribution and original geological conditions are not clear.Using geologic al and geophysical methods including seismic and drilling data,based on seismic reflection characteristics,geometrical configuration description,and wave impedance inversion,two types of contourite deposits are recognized.Contourite deposits have blurred boundaries between each deposit and disordered internal seismic reflections;They are mound-shaped only in transverse section,and banded in the longitudinal direction.TypeⅠcontourite deposits are conical,with mediumhigh amplitude,low-continuity,low-frequency mound-shaped seismic facies,and subparallel-chaotic reflections internally.These deposits are conical with sharp tops,the canal between mounds is V-shaped and deep.The western wing is gentle and the eastern wing is steep,with the slope toe mostly between 10°and 20°,and width height ratio about 1-2.TypeⅡcontourite deposits are flat,exhibiting medium-amplitude,medium-continuity,low-frequency mound-shaped seismic facies,with subparallel weak reflections internally.Their mounds are flat with gently arced tops,with shallow canals between.The slope toe is between 5°and 10°,with a width height ratio of about 2-5.The wave impedance value of these contourite deposits is 4.6 kg/m^(3)×m/s to 6.8 kg/m^(3)×m/s,about 5.8 kg/m^(3)×m/s on average,which is presumed to represent marlycalcareous clastic sediments.The contourite deposits mainly develop beneath the slope break at the margin of the faultcontrolled platform in the Southern Uplift zone of the basin.In plane view,they are distributed approaching a west-to-east direction,and in section,lie in low-lying areas near the faults at fault-controlled terraces of the Southern Uplift zone,with a paleo-current direction nearly west-to-east.The paleotectonic setting of the gentle monoclinic platform was favorable for the development of such contourite deposits.The intensification of the Mid-Miocene deepest bottom current gave rise to the contourite-forming currents around the Southern Uplift zone in the northern South China Sea,which flow from Hainan Island to the Xisha Trough in a nearly west-to-east direction leading to the contourite deposits developing in the late MidMiocene transgressive environment,with multiple slow sea-level fall cycles. | FENG Yangwei REN Yan LYU Chengfu ZHANG Peng CHEN Ying JIN Li | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Distribution Prediction of Middle-deep Lacustrine Source Rocks in Eocene Wenchang Formation in the Kaiping Sag,Pearl Mouth Basin显示文摘Oil and gas shows are rich in drilling wells in Kaiping sag,however,large oilfield was still not found in this area.For a long time,it is thought that source rocks were developed in the middle-deep lacustrine facies in the Eocene Wenchang Formation,while there is no source rocks that in middle-deep lacustrine facies have been found in well.Thickness of Wenchang Formation is big and reservoirs with good properties could be found in this formation.Distribution and scale of source rock are significant for further direction of petroleum exploration.Distribution characterization of middle-deep lacustrine facies is the base for source rock research.Based on the sedimentary background,fault activity rate,seismic response features,and seismic attributes were analyzed.No limited classification method and multi-attributes neural network deep learning method were used for predicting of source rock distribution in Wenchang Formation.It is found that during the deposition of lower Wenchang Formation,activity rate of main fault controlling the sub sag sedimentation was bigger than 100 m/Ma,which formed development background for middle-deep lacustrine facies.Compared with the seismic response of middle-deep lacustrine source rocks developed in Zhu I depression,those in Kaiping sag are characterized in low frequency and good continuity.Through RGB frequency decomposition,areas with low frequency are main distribution parts for middle-deep lacustrine facies.Dominant frequency,instantaneous frequency,and coherency attributes of seismic could be used in no limited classification method for further identification of middle-deep lacustrine facies.Based on the limitation of geology knowledge,multi-attributes of seismic were analyzed through neural network deep learning method.Distribution of middle-deep lacustrine facies in the fourth member of Wenchang Formation is oriented from west to east and is the largest.Square of the middle-deep lacustrine facies in that member is 154 km^(2)and the volume is 50 km^(3).Achievements could be bases for hydrocarbon accumulation study and for exploration target optimization in Kaiping sag. | XIONG Lianqiao XIE Xiaojun ZHAO Zhao ZHANG Chunyu WANG Long LIAO Jihua CAI Lulu XU Wei | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Special Issue Devoted to Petroleum Geology in Marginal Sea Deepwater Settings—Take the South China Sea as an Example显示文摘1 Deepwater Settings of Marginal Seas一the Frontier of Oil and Gas Exploration From the perspective of geographical environment,the areas of global oil and gas exploration can be divided into land,shallow water and deep water areas.The timespan of oil and gas discovery in each field is different.Oil and gas have been discovered on land since ancient tinies,but the application of modern technology to discover oil and gas began in 1859 in Pennsylvania,USA(Hua,1984).Largescale oil and gas exploration began in the 1920s,and the reserve discovery reached its peak in the 1960s and 1970s. | ZHANG Gongcheng FENG Yangwei | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 0 |
| 14 | Genesis and Characteristics of Miocene Deep-water Clastic Rocks in Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins,Northern South China Sea显示文摘Various deep-water deposits developed in the Yinggehai Basin and Qiongdongnan Basin(Ying-Qiong Basin)in the northern South China Sea,making the two basins significantly hydrocarbon-producing areas and ideal for studying the genetic mechanism and sedimentary characteristics of deep-water clastic rocks.Using cores,image well logging,heavy mineral assemblages,and seismic data,we thoroughly studied the geometry,tectonic background,driving mechanism and source-to-sink process of deep-water deposits in the study area.The results showed that:(1)there were five genetic mechanisms of deep-water clastic rock,i.e.,slides,slumps,debris flows,turbidity currents,and bottom currents.(2)The sliding deposits were distributed from the delta front to the continental slope toe.The slumping deposits were mainly distributed at the continental slope toe or the basin’s central area,far from the delta front The turbidity deposits were widely developed in the deep-water area,but with huge differences in thickness.The bottom currents mainly reworked previous deposits far from the slope.(3)Slip and extension along the preexisting fault zone were the main structural factors that drive the axial channel formation at the slope foot.(4)The sand-rich gravity sediment flows in the Ying-Qiong basin were primarily caused by the direct supply of terrigenous debris into the marine environment over the slope break. | FAN Caiwei XU Changgui XU Jie | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 0 |
| 15 | Geological Interpretation and Hydrocarbon Exploration Potential of Three Types of Mound-shaped Reflectors in the Meishan Formation,Southern Qiongdongnan Basin显示文摘Many mound-shaped reflectors with different features and shapes are evident in the Upper Member of the Meishan Formation from seismic profiles taken in the deep-water area of the Southern Qiongdongnan Basin.Based on the drilling,2 D and 3 D seismic data from the study area,descriptions of the seismic reflection characteristics as well as the geometric shape,wave impedance inversion,analogy and comparative analyses are carried out.Taken in conjunction with research on the paleo structure and paleo sedimentary background,we consider that the mound-shaped seismic reflectors are distributed in the Southern Slop belt and the Southern High-rise of the Qiongdongnan Basin,which can be subdivided into three types:reefs,contourite mounds and magmatic diapirs.The first type,reefs,includes patch reefs,platform marginal reefs and pinnacle reefs.Patch reefs present mound-shaped seismic facies with medium frequency and a moderately strong amplitude,being distributed at the uplift of the fault control platform on the Southern Slop belt.The platform marginal reefs have flat mound-shaped seismic facies with strong amplitude and medium frequency,developing at the margin of the carbonate platform in the Southern High-rise.The pinnacle reefs have mound-shaped seismic facies with strong amplitude and medium frequency and are developed on an isolated volcanic cone.The boundaries between individual reefs are clear on the seismic section,with reef ridge and reef ditch developed,the phenomenon of’front product’being visible within,two-way superelevation between wings is developed and they exist visibly as mounds in any viewed direction of the crosssection.They are slightly asymmetrical in the direction perpendicular to the paleodepth the reef body being steep near the deep-water side,while being gentle near the shallow water side.The wave impedance of a patch reef is about 7 kg/m^(3)×m/s,while the wave impedance of a platform marginal reef is about 7.5 kg/m^(3)×m/s.The second type-contourite moundsare mainly developed under the slope break of the southern slope fault control platform’s edge.They are subdivided into two types:conical and flat.The former has mound-shaped seismic facies with medium-strong amplitude and low frequency,the latter having mound-shaped seismic facies with medium amplitude and low frequency.The internal texture of the mounds is not clear on the seismic section,with the boundaries between contourite mounds being blurred.They are mound-shaped only in cross-section,being banded in the extending direction.The upper surface of a single contourite mound is relatively gentle near the deep-water side,while being steep near the shallow water area.The wave impedance of contourite mounds is about 5.8 kg/m^(3)×m/s,which is speculated to represent a marly to calcareous clastic deposit.The third type is the magmatic diapir,which has’roots’.They have a dome-shaped upper boundary,are bottomless,with a chaotic interior.They penetrated multiple formations,opening towards the base.There are two major accumulation assemblages of reefs,one is the platform margin reef accumulation assemblage with distant source rocks and long-distance migration through an unconformity surface in the Southern High-rise,the other is the patch reef accumulation assemblage with twin sources and short distance migration through faults in the Southern Slop belt near the Central Depression zone.The latter is the main exploration targets at present.There are contourite mound accumulation assemblages with nearby source rocks and short distance vertical migration through faults,which are potentially important targets.The magmatic diapirs pierce the overlying strata and form good hydrocarbon traps and migration pathways,thus representing potential prospecting targets. | FENG Yangwei REN Yan LI Zengxue JIN Li | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 0 |
| 16 | Experimental Study on Water-rock Reactions with CO2 Fluid in a Deep Sandstone Formation under High Temperature and Pressure显示文摘Qiongdongnan Basin has a tectonic geological background of high temperature and high pressure in a deep reservoir setting,with mantle-derived CO2.A water-rock reaction device was used under high temperature and high pressure conditions,in conjunction with scanning electron microscope(SEM)observations,to carry out an experimental study of the diagenetic reaction between sandstone at depth and CO2-rich fluid,which is of great significance for revealing the dissolution of deep clastic rock reservoirs and the developmental mechanism of secondary pores,promoting deep oil and gas exploration.In this study,the experimental scheme of the water-rock reaction system was designed according to the parameters of the diagenetic background of the deep sandstone reservoir in the Qiongdongnan Basin.Three groups of single mineral samples were prepared in this experiment,including K-feldspar samples,albite samples and calcite samples.Using CO2 as a reaction solution,a series of diagenetic reaction simulation experiments were carried out in a semi-closed high temperature and high pressure simulation system.A field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to observe the microscopic appearance of the mineral samples after the water-rock reaction,the characteristics of dissolution under high temperature and high pressure,as well as the development of secondary pores.The experimental results showed that the CO2-rich fluid has an obvious dissolution effect on K-feldspar,albite and calcite under high temperature and high pressure.For the three minerals,the main temperature and pressure window for dissolution ranged from 150℃to 300℃and 45 MPa to 60 MPa.Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the dissolution effect of K-feldspar is most obvious under conditions of 150℃and 45 MPa,in contrast to conditions of200℃and 50 MPa for albite and calcite.Through the comparative analysis of experimental conditions and procedures,a coupling effect occurred between the temperature and pressure change and the dissolution strength and calcite.Under high temperature and high pressure,pressure changed the solubility of CO2,furthermore,the dissolution effect and strength of the sandstone components were also affected.The experiment revealed that high temperature and high pressure conditions with CO2-rich fluid has a significant dissolution effect on aluminosilicate minerals and is conducive to the formation of secondary pores and effective reservoirs.Going forward with the above understanding has important implications for the promotion of deep oil and gas exploration. | LI Chengze CHEN Guojun LI Chao TIAN Bing SUN Rui SU Long LU Yingxin WANG Lijuan | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，1： | 0 |
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