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| 1 | New generation of multi-scale NWP system (GRAPES):general scientific design显示文摘A new generation of numerical prediction system GRAPES (a short form of Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) was set up in China Meteorological Administration (CMA). This paper focuses on the scientific design and preliminary results of the numerical prediction model in GRAPES, including basic idea and strategy of the general scientific design, multi-scale dynamic core, physical package configuration, architecture and parallelization of the codes. A series of numerical experiments using the real data with horizontal resolutions from 10 to 280 km and idealized experiments with very high resolution up to 100 m are conducted, giving encouraging results supporting the multi-scale application of GRAPES. The results of operational implementation of GRAPES model in some NWP centers are also presented with stress at evaluations of the capability to predict the main features of precipitation in China. Finally the issues to be dealt with for further development are discussed. | CHEN DeHui XUE JiShan YANG XueSheng ZHANG HongLiang SHEN XueShun HU JiangLin WANG Yu JI LiRen CHEN JiaBin | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，22： | 70 |
| 2 | GRAPES_Meso V4.0主要技术改进和预报效果检验显示文摘针对GRAPES_Meso V3.0存在的降水量偏大、模式运行不稳定、近地面温度预报偏差较大、可同化资料偏少以及分辨率偏低等问题,开展了多方面的改进工作:引入变分质量控制以及探空湿度的偏差订正,实现了GPS/PW资料、FY-2E云导风资料以及无线电掩星资料的同化应用,提高了模式分辨率,引入四阶水平扩散方案,调整了微物理参数化方案与动力框架的耦合方案,完善了地面辐射能量平衡方程以及优化了后处理雷达组合反射率因子的诊断方案,并集成所有改进成果形成新的业务化GRAPES_Meso V4.0。批量试验结果表明:GRAPES_Meso V4.0降水ETS评分普遍提高,同时预报偏差明显降低,月平均降水更接近实况,且能够较好地刻画雨带细节;2 m温度预报偏差有较为显著的改善,大部分地区24 h预报有1~2℃左右的降低,有些地区有3~5℃的降低;GRAPES_Meso V4.0对高度场、温度场和风场的改进效果比较显著,500 hPa的温度、风速、位势高度场的相关系数均有显著提高,850 hPa的均方根误差也明显降低,整体性能明显高于GRAPES_Meso V3.0。 | 黄丽萍 陈德辉 邓莲堂 徐枝芳 于翡 江源 周非非 | 2017 | 应用气象学报2017，28，1： | 75 |
| 3 | On the development of the GRAPES――A new generation of the national operational NWP system in China显示文摘Numerical weather prediction (NWP) has become one of the most important means for weather fore-casts in the world. It also mirrors a nation's comprehensive strength in meteorology. In 2000, China Meteorological Administration (CMA) established the National Innovative Base for Meteorological Numerical Prediction in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), to work on developing a new generation of the national operational NWP system――Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System (GRAPES), to enhance meteorological services in China in the new century. In recent years, the GRAPES has witnessed a fast development. The GRAPES has been set up as an integration of the model framework, data assimilation, regional and global NWP system, which can be commonly used for both operation and research. In this paper, a brief review is made for illustrating the GRAPES system, including the advanced designs of the GRAPES, its diverse applications in multifields, and efficiencies of the regional and global GRAPES in operational applications based on hindcast results. | ZHANG RenHe SHEN XueShun | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，22： | 36 |
| 4 | 京津冀一次重度雾霾天气能见度及边界层关键气象要素的模拟研究显示文摘本文利用GRAPES_CUACE大气化学模式对京津冀地区2015年12月重度雾霾过程进行了模拟和评估。京津冀地区能见度和PM2.5模拟值与观测值的对比表明:该模式能较好地模拟京津冀地区能见度和PM2.5的逐日变化情况,但模式存在对伴随着重污染发生的低能见度模拟偏高的问题。以12月5~10日的重度雾霾过程为重点,针对地面风速、边界层高度、相对湿度、PM2.5及其对能见度的影响进行了详细分析,研究结果表明:污染过程中大部分地区过程平均风速低于2 m s-1,边界层平均高度低于600 m,相对湿度较高。模式低能见度模拟偏高可能因为:(1)模式模拟重雾霾时段的PM2.5极大值浓度偏低。(2)模拟相对湿度存在系统性偏低的误差,这一误差对能见度的影响表现为两方面,一是相对湿度会通过影响可溶性气溶胶的吸湿增长过程影响气溶胶质量浓度,导致气溶胶消光系数的计算偏低;二是目前模式中采用的能见度的参数化公式考虑了相对湿度对气溶胶吸湿增长的影响,没有考虑雾滴的直接消光作用。 | 侯梦玲 王宏 赵天良 车慧正 | 2017 | 大气科学2017，41，6： | 34 |
| 5 | Verification of GRAPES unified global and regional numerical weather prediction model dynamic core显示文摘During the past few years, most of the new developed numerical weather prediction models adopt the strategy of multi-scale technique. Therefore, China Meteorological Administration has devoted to developing a new generation of global and regional multi-scale model since 2003. In order to validate the performance of the GRAPES (Global and Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) model both for its scientific design and program coding, a suite of idealized tests has been proposed and conducted, which includes the density flow test, three-dimensional mountain wave and the cross-polar flow test. The density flow experiment indicates that the dynamic core has the ability to simulate the fine scale nonlinear flow structures and its transient features. While the three-dimensional mountain wave test shows that the model can reproduce the horizontal and vertical propagation of internal gravity waves quite well. Cross-polar flow test demonstrates the rationality of both for the semi-Lagrangian departure point calculation and the discretization of the model near the poles. The real case forecasts reveal that the model has the ability to predict the large-scale weather regimes in summer such as the subtropical high, and to capture the major synoptic patterns in the mid and high latitudes. | YANG XueSheng HU JiangLin CHEN DeHui ZHANG HongLiang SHEN XueShun CHEN JiaBin JI LiRen | 2008 | Chinese Science Bulletin2008，53，22： | 14 |
| 6 | 青藏高原地形重力波拖曳的初步分析及数值模拟研究显示文摘针对目前对青藏高原大地形激发的重力波拖曳相关问题还不十分清楚,在GRAPES_Meso模式中引入次网格地形重力波拖曳参数化方案,通过数值试验初步研究了青藏高原地区次网格地形重力波拖曳的一些相关参数,结果指出:(1)沿30°N地形重力波拖曳的垂直分布显示,阻塞拖曳主要存在于模式的低层(第1—5层),重力波拖曳主要存在于模式的第5—10层;从水平分布看,模式第3层以阻塞拖曳为主,主要位于青藏高原边缘地区,阻塞拖曳大值区沿喜马拉雅山脉走向和青藏高原东坡;模式第5层以重力波拖曳为主,主要位于青藏高原东部地区和云贵高原的北部边缘。(2)弗劳德数和气流绕流高度分析表明,在青藏高原喜马拉雅山脉一带和高原东部边缘地区,气流爬坡能力强,同时在这一地区绕流高度最高;弗劳德数越大的地区绕流高度距离地表越高。(3)采用次网格地形重力波拖曳参数化方案后,对于低层和高层地形重力波破碎的发生有更准确的描述,地形重力波是向上垂直传播的。(4)个例和批量试验检验结果表明,采用次网格地形重力波拖曳参数化方案对于风场和降水模拟有正效果,提高了模式预报的准确率。 | 王宇虹 徐国强 | 2017 | 气象学报2017，75，2： | 8 |
| 7 | Momentum Budget Diagnosis and the Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Orographic Drag in Global GRAPES显示文摘The initial tendency approach is used to diagnose systematic errors in global GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation Prediction System), including overly strong westerlies in the northern midlatitudes, cold/warm bias dipoles in the vicinity of the tropopause, and excessively strong southerlies in downstream regions of the Tibetan Plateau. This approach, involving the use of the assimilation system, focuses on the first few time steps of numerical weather forecasts to identify the deficiencies in diabatic forcing. The results show that there is insufficient diabatic dissipation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of the northern midlatitudes and the lower troposphere of most latitudes, which results from the absence of a parameterization of subgrid orographic drag in global GRAPES. A scheme to parameterize the effects of these drags is therefore tested and the experiments indicate that the newly introduced scheme reduces zonal momentum budget residuals, weakens the northern midlatitude westerlies and southerlies in the downstream regions of the Tibetan Plateau, decreases the cold/warm bias dipoles, and leads to improved objective verification scores. | 陈起英 沈学顺 孙健 刘琨 | 2016 | Journal of Meteorological Research2016，30，5： | 5 |
| 8 | NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案在GRAPES_Meso模式中的应用研究显示文摘本文将NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)/Goddard长波辐射方案引入到GRAPES_Meso(Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System Meso)模式中,对2006年4月中国地区进行了一个月的模拟试验,并与相应的NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析资料进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:在模拟区域内,使用GRAPES Meso模式进行24h、48 h预报得到的晴空大气顶向外长波辐射通量(the clear sky outgoing longwave radiation flux,OLRC)、地面接收到向下长波辐射通量(the clear sky downward longwave radiation flux at ground,GLWC)分布形势与NCEP再分析资料具有较好的对应关系;模式预报24 h、48 h OLRC和NCEP再分析资料月平均误差百分比控制在-10%^+10%以内,GLWC月平均误差百分比比OLRC略大,但总体上两者误差都在合理和可接受范围之内。OLRC和GLWC 24 h、48 h的预报和NCEP再分析资料的逐日距平相关系数及标准误差的对比显示,模式24 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.96、0.98,标准误差月平均值分别为24.54 W m^(-2)、27.23 W m^(-2);模式48 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.9521、0.9804,标准误差月平均值分别为22.43 W m^(-2)、27.64W m^(-2)。总体上,模式24 h、48 h预报OLRC和GLWC的距平相关系数都在0.93以上,标准误差都在31 W m^(-2)以内,且GLWC预报和NCEP再分析资料的相关性比OLRC略好,OLRC预报与NCEP再分析资料的的标准误差比GLWC略小。通过和RRTM长波辐射方案对比可知,两者的预报水平基本一致。本文研究结果表明,引入NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案后的GRAPES_Meso模式整体上能够较好地预报OLRC和GLWC,该辐射方案可以作为模式GRAPES_Meso的备选辐射方案之一。 | 张梦 王宏 黄兴友 | 2014 | 大气科学2014，38，3： | 3 |
| 9 | GRAPES动力框架中大规模稀疏线性系统并行求解及优化显示文摘赫姆霍兹方程求解是GRAPES数值天气预报系统动力框架中的核心部分,可转换为大规模稀疏线性系统的求解问题,但受限于硬件资源和数据规模,其求解效率成为限制系统计算性能提升的瓶颈。分别通过MPI、MPI+OpenMP、CUDA三种并行方式实现求解大规模稀疏线性方程组的广义共轭余差法,并利用不完全分解LU预处理子(ILU)优化系数矩阵的条件数,加快迭代法收敛。在CPU并行方案中,MPI负责进程间粗粒度并行和通信,OpenMP结合共享内存实现进程内部的细粒度并行,而在GPU并行方案中,CUDA模型采用数据传输、访存合并及共享存储器方面的优化措施。实验结果表明,通过预处理优化减少迭代次数对计算性能提升明显,MPI+OpenMP混合并行优化较MPI并行优化性能提高约35%,CUDA并行优化较MPI+OpenMP混合并行优化性能提高约50%,优化性能最佳。 | 张琨 贾金芳 严文昕 黄建强 王晓英 | 2022 | 计算机工程2022，48，1： | 2 |
| 10 | Coupling a Terrestrial Biogeochemical Model to the Common Land Model显示文摘A terrestrial biogeochemical model (CASACNP) was coupled to a land surface model (the Common Land Model,CoLM) to simulate the dynamics of carbon substrate in soil and its limitation on soil respiration.The combined model,CoLM CASACNP,was able to predict long-term carbon sources and sinks that CoLM alone could not.The coupled model was tested using measurements of belowground respiration and surface fluxes from two forest ecosystems.The combined model simulated reasonably well the diurnal and seasonal variations of net ecosystem carbon exchange,as well as seasonal variation in the soil respiration rate of both the forest sites chosen for this study.However,the agreement between model simulations and actual measurements was poorer under dry conditions.The model should be tested against more measurements before being applied globally to investigate the feedbacks between the carbon cycle and climate change. | 施小英 毛嘉富 王应平 戴永久 唐旭利 | 2011 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2011，28，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Impacts of a Large-scale Adaptive Blending Scheme for CMA-MESO on Regional Forecasts-A Case Study of Typhoon Haima显示文摘Large-scale atmospheric information plays an important role in the regional model for the forecasts of weather such as tropical cyclone(TC).However,it is difficult to be fully represented in regional models due to domain size and a lack of observation data,particularly at sea used in regional data assimilation.Blending analysis has been developed and implemented in regional models to reintroduce large-scale information from global model to regional analysis.Research of the impact of this large-scale blending scheme for the Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(CMA-MESO)regional model on TC forecasting is limited and this study attempts to further progress by examining the adaptivity of the blending scheme using the two-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform(2D-DCT)filter on the model forecast of Typhoon Haima over Shenzhen,China in 2016 and considering various cut-off wavelengths.Results showed that the error of the 24-hour typhoon track forecast can be reduced to less than 25 km by applying the scale-dependent blending scheme,indicating that the blending analysis is effectively able to minimise the large-scale bias for the initial fields.The improvement of the wind forecast is more evident for u-wind component according to the reduced root mean square errors(RMSEs)by comparing the experiments with and without blending analysis.Furthermore,the higher equitable threat score(ETS)provided implications that the precipitation prediction skills were increased in the 24h forecast by improving the representation of the large-scale feature in the CMA-MESO analysis.Furthermore,significant differences of the track error forecast were found by applying the blending analysis with different cut-off wavelengths from 400 km to 1200 km and the track error can be reduced less than by 10 km with 400 km cut-off wavelength in the first 6h forecast.It highlighted that the blending scheme with dynamic cut-off wavelengths adapted to the development of different TC systems is necessary in order to optimally introduce and ingest the large-scale information from global model to the regional model for improving the TC forecast.In this paper,the methods and data applied in this study will be firstly introduced,before discussion of the results regarding the performance of the blending analysis and its impacts on the wind and precipitation forecast correspondingly,followed by the discussion of the effects of different blending scheme on TC forecasts and the conclusion section. | 冯家莉 高彦 夏昕 马玉龙 孙健 李源 陈冬梅 万齐林 | 2021 | Journal of Tropical Meteorology2021，27，4： | 1 |
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