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| 1 | Gastric cancer:Prevention,screening and early diagnosis显示文摘Gastric cancer continues to be an important healthcare problem from a global perspective. Most of the cases in the Western world are diagnosed at late stages when the treatment is largely ineffective. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection is a well-established carcinogen for gastric cancer. While lifestyle factors are important,the efficacy of interventions in their modification,as in the use of antioxidant supplements,is unconvincing. No organized screening programs can be found outside Asia(Japan and South Korea). Although several screening approaches have been proposed,including indirect atrophy detection by measuring pepsinogen in the circulation,none of them have so far been implemented,and more study data is required to justify any implementation. Mass eradication of H. pylori in high-risk areas tends to be cost-effective,but its adverse effects and resistance remain a concern. Searches for new screening biomarkers,including microRNA and cancer-autoantibody panels,as well as detection of volatile organic compounds in the breath,are in progress. Endoscopy with a proper biopsy follow-up remains the standard for early detection of cancer and related premalignant lesions. At the same time,new advanced high-resolution endoscopic technologies are showing promising results with respect to diagnosing mucosal lesions visually and targeting each biopsy. New histological risk stratifications(classifications),including OLGA and OLGIM,have recently been developed. This review addresses the current means for gastric cancer primary and secondary prevention,the available and emerging methods for screening,and new developments in endoscopic detection of early lesions of the stomach. | Victor Pasechnikov Sergej Chukov Evgeny Fedorov Ilze Kikuste Marcis Leja | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，38： | 64 |
| 2 | Autoimmune gastritis:Pathologist's viewpoint显示文摘Western countries are seeing a constant decline in the incidence of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis, coupled with a rising epidemiological and clinical impact of autoimmune gastritis. This latter gastropathy is due to autoimmune aggression targeting parietal cells through a complex interaction of auto-antibodies against the parietal cell proton pump and intrinsic factor, and sensitized T cells. Given the specific target of this aggression, autoimmune gastritis is typically restricted to the gastric corpus-fundus mucosa. In advanced cases, the oxyntic epithelia are replaced by atrophic(and metaplastic) mucosa, creating the phenotypic background in which both gastric neuroendocrine tumors and(intestinal-type) adenocarcinomas may develop. Despite improvements in our understanding of the phenotypic changes or cascades occurring in this autoimmune setting, no reliable biomarkers are available for identifying patients at higher risk of developing a gastric neoplasm. The standardization of autoimmune gastritis histology reports and classifications in diagnostic practice is a prerequisite for implementing definitive secondary prevention strategies based on multidisciplinary diagnostic approaches integratingendoscopy, serology, histology and molecular profiling. | Irene Coati Matteo Fassan Fabio Farinati David Y Graham Robert M Genta Massimo Rugge | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，42： | 8 |
| 3 | Fluoroquinolone-based protocols for eradication of Helicobacter pylori显示文摘Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a widespread pathogen infecting about 40% of people living in urban areas and over 90% of people living in the developing regions of the world. H. pylori is well-documented as the main factor in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease, chronic gastritis, and gastric malignancies such as cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissuelymphoma; hence, its eradication is strongly recommended. the Maastricht Ⅳ consensus, which focused on the management of H. pylori infection, set important new strategies in terms of treatment approaches, particularly with regards to first- and second-line treatment protocols and led to improved knowledge and understanding of H. pylori resistance to antibiotics. In recent years, various fluoroquinolone-based protocols, mainly including levofloxacin, have been proposed and effectively tested at all therapeutic lines for H. pylori eradication. the aim of the present paper is to review the scientific literature focused on the use of fluoroquinolones in eradicating H. pylori. | Antonio Rispo Pietro Capone fabiana Castiglione Luigi Pasquale Matilde Rea Nicola Caporaso | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，27： | 3 |
| 4 | Mitochondrial DNA alterations in the progression of gastric carcinomas:Unexplored issues and future research needs显示文摘Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide.Patients infected with Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)are at increased risk of gastric cancer.H.pylori induces genomic instability in both nuclear and mitochondrial(mt)DNA of gastric epithelial cells.Changes in mt DNA represent an early event during gastric tumorigenesis,and thus may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis in gastric carcinoma.This review article summarizes the mt DNA mutations that have been reported in gastric carcinomas and their precancerous conditions.Unexplored research topics,such as the role of mt DNA alterations in an alternative pathway of gastric carcinogenesis,are identified and directions for future research are suggested. | Luciana Rigoli Rosario Alberto Caruso | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，43： | 2 |
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