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| 1 | Sonographic markers for early diagnosis of fetal malformations显示文摘Fetal malformations are very frequent in industrialized countries.Although advanced maternal age may affect pregnancy outcome adversely,80%-90%of fetal malformations occur in the absence of a specific risk factor for parents.The only effective approach for prenatal screening is currently represented by an ultrasound scan.However,ultrasound methods present two important limitations:the substantial absence of quantitative parameters and the dependence on the sonographer experience.In recent years,together with the improvement in transducer technology,quantitative and objective sonographic markers highly predictive of fetal malformations have been developed.These markers can be detected at early gestation(11-14 wk)and generally are not pathological in themselves but have an increased incidence in abnormal fetuses.Thus,prenatal ultrasonography during the second trimester of gestation provides a'genetic sonogram',including,for instance,nuchal translucency,short humeral length,echogenic bowel,echogenic intracardiac focus and choroid plexus cyst,that is used to identify morphological features of fetal Down’s syndrome with a potential sensitivity of more than 90%.Other specific and sensitive markers can be seen in the case of cardiac defects and skeletal anomalies.In the future,sonographic markers could limit even more the use of invasive and dangerous techniques of prenatal diagnosis(amniocentesis,etc.). | Maria Daniela Renna Paola Pisani Francesco Conversano Emanuele Perrone Ernesto Casciaro Gian Carlo Di Renzo Marco Di Paola Antonio Perrone Sergio Casciaro | 2013 | World Journal of Radiology2013，5，10： | 12 |
| 2 | ISUOG胎儿心脏超声检查指南(修订版)显示文摘临床标准委员会国际妇产超声协会(ISUOG)是一家致力于促进妇产科影像安全应用及高质教育的科学机构。ISUOG临床标准委员会(CSC)专职负责起草影像诊断的临床应用指南,发表ISUOG认定当前最优秀的操作指南。尽管ISUOG尽最大努力确保指南发表时是准确的,但是ISUOG及其雇员不为该指南的任何错误或误导数据负责。CSC并非要确立一个法律标准。 | 赵胜 | 2014 | 中国产前诊断杂志(电子版)2014，，1： | 12 |
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