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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over catalysts containing mixed oxides of molybdenum and vanadium显示文摘 | Thorsteinson E M Wilson T P Young F G | 1978 | J Catal1978，52，： | 2 |
| 3 | More than folding:localized functions of cytosolic chapemmes显示文摘 | YOUNG J C BARRAL J M HARD U F | 2003 | Trends Biochem Sci2003，28，： | 1 |
| 4 | Reactiva-tion of peroxi-some proliferator- activated receptora is associat-ed with contractile dysfunction in hypertrophied rat heart 显示文摘 | YOUNG M E LAWS F A GOODWIN G W | 2001 | JBiol Chem2001，276，44： | 1 |
| 5 | Diode characteristics in state-of-the-art ZnO/CdS/Cu (In1-xGax)Se2 solar cells 显示文摘 | CONTRERAS M RAMANATHAN K ABUSHAMA J HASOON F YOUNG D EGAAS B NOUFI R | 2005 | Prog Photovolt: Res Appl2005，13，： | 1 |
| 6 | Should epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor be continued beyond progressive disease显示文摘 | Young HK Akiko F Michiaki M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 7 | Effect of media design on the performance of fixed - bed anaerobic reactors显示文摘 | Young J C Dahab M F | 1982 | Water Science Technoloy1982，15，8： | 1 |
| 8 | Deduced protein sequence of bone small proteoglycanⅠ(biglycan) shows homology with proteoglycanⅡ(decorin) and several nonconnective tissue proteins in a variety of species显示文摘 | Fisher L W Term ine J D Young M F | 1989 | J Biol Chem1989，264，8： | 1 |
| 9 | Transsylviantansinsular approaches to the insula and basal ganglia:operative techniques and results with vascular lesions显示文摘 | Potts M B Chang E F Young W L | 2012 | Neurosurgery2012，70，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Pheochromocytoma and paraganglionomas in von Hippel-- Lindaudisease显示文摘 | Baghai M Thompson G B Young W F | 2002 | ArchSurg2002，137，： | 1 |
| 11 | Robust continuous speech recognition using parallel model combination显示文摘 | GALES M J F YOUNG S J | 1996 | Speech and Audio Processing IEEE Transactions1996，4，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Physical stabilization of theβ→γ transformation in dicalcium silicate显示文摘 | CHAN C J KR1VEN W M YOUNG J F | 1992 | J Am Ccram Soc1992，75，： | 1 |
| 13 | Placement con- straints in floorplan design显示文摘 | Young E F Y Chu C CN Ho M L | 2004 | IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems2004，12，7： | 1 |
| 14 | Airlift bioreactors : Analysis of local two-phase hydrodynamics 显示文摘 | Young M A Carbonell R G Ollis D F | 1991 | AIChE Journal1991，37，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Currentsaturation in zero-bandgap,top-gated graphene field-effect transistors显示文摘 | MERIC I HAN M Y YOUNG A F | 2008 | Nature Nanotechnology2008，3，11： | 1 |
| 16 | How Does Residents' Satisfaction with Community Services Influence Quality of Life (QOL) Outcomes? 显示文摘 | Sirgy M J Gao Tao Young Robert F | 2008 | Applied Research Quality Life2008，，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Cardiac phaeo-chromocytoma presenting with severe hypertensionand chest pain 显示文摘 | Sawka A M Young W F Schaff H V | 2001 | Clin Endocrinol ( oxf)2001，54，5： | 1 |
| 18 | Application of local heat induces capillary recruitment in the Pallid bat wing显示文摘 | Widmer R J Stewart R H Young M F | 2007 | Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2007，292，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Body composition and protein and fat accretion in various body components in growing gilts fed diets with different protein levels but estimated to contain similar levels of ideal protein显示文摘 | TUITOEK J K YOUNG L G de LANGE C F M | 1997 | J Anim Sci1997，75，： | 1 |
| 20 | USA-USSR Investigation of 1 200 kV tower insulation显示文摘 | Young F S Gutman Y M | 1980 | IEEE Trans PAS1980，，2： | 1 |
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