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| 1 | Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: An update and implications for treatment显示文摘AIM: To provide an update on the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging and management of rectal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE was performed with the reference list of selected articles reviewed to ensure all relevant publications were captured. The search strategy was limited to the English language, spanning from 1946 to 2015. A qualitative analysis was undertaken examining patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and outcome. The quantitaive analysis was limited to data extracted on treatment and outcomes including radiological, clinical and pathological complete response where available. The narrative and quantitative review were synthesised in concert.RESULTS: The search identified 487 articles in total with 79 included in the qualitative review. The quantitative analysis involved 63 articles, consisting of 43 case reports and 20 case series with a total of 142 individual cases. The underlying pathogenesis of rectal SCC while unclear, continues to be defined, with increasing evidence of a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence and a possible role for human papilloma virus in this progression. The presentation is similar to rectal adenocarcinoma, with a diagnosis confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. Many presumed rectal SCC's are in fact an extension of an anal SCC, and cytokeratin markers are a useful adjunct in this distinction. Staging is most accurately reflected by the tumour-nodemetastasis classification for rectal adenocarcinoma. It involves examining locoregional disease by way of magnetic resonance imaging and/or endorectal ultrasound, with systemic spread excluded by way of computed tomography. Positron emission tomography is integral in the workup to exclude an external siteof primary SCC with metastasis to the rectum. While the optimal treatment remains as yet undefined, recent studies have demonstrated a global shift away from surgery towards definitive chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment. Pooled overall survival was calculated to be 86% in patients managed with chemoradiation compared with 48% for those treated traditionally with surgery. Furthermore, local recurrence and metastatic rates were 25% vs 10% and 30% vs 13% for the chemoradiation vs conventional treatment cohorts.CONCLUSION: The changing paradigm in the treatment of rectal SCC holds great promise for improved outcomes in this rare disease. | Glen R Guerra Cherng H Kong Satish K Warrier Andrew C Lynch Alexander G Heriot Samuel Y Ngan | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，3： | 5 |
| 2 | The effect of celecoxib,a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor,in familial adenomatous polyposis显示文摘 | Steinbach G Lynch P M Philips R | 2000 | N Engl J Med2000，342，26： | 1 |
| 3 | The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis显示文摘 | Steinbach G Lynch P M Phillips R K | 2000 | N Engl J Med2000，342，26： | 1 |
| 4 | Ve- nous endothelial damage produced by massive sticking and emigration of leukocytes显示文摘 | STEWART G J RITCHIE W G LYNCH P R | 1974 | Am J Pathol1974，74，： | 1 |
| 5 | The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor,in familial adenomatous polyposis 显示文摘 | STEINBACH G LYNCH P M PHILLIPS R K | 2000 | N Engl J Med2000，342，： | 1 |
| 6 | Effects of urea and on rumen fermentation, nutrient passage to the duodenum,and performance of cows显示文摘 | Camerons M R Klusmeryer T H Lynch G L | 1991 | Dairy Sci1991，74，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Particle-size analysis of Aeolian dusts,soils,and sediments in very small quantities using a Counter Multisizer 显示文摘 | Lynch A W Burgess R C | 1997 | Earth Surface Processes and Landforms1997，22，： | 1 |
| 8 | Prescibed dietary phos- phate restriction and survivon among hemodialysis patients显示文摘 | Lynch K E Lynch R Curhan G C | 2010 | Clin J Am Soc Nephorl2010，6，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of bleeding显示文摘 | Weinrieb R M Auriacombe M Lynch K G | 2005 | Expert Opin Drug Saf2005，4，2： | 1 |
| 10 | A critical review of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-associated bleeding: balancing the risk of treating hepatitis C-infected patients显示文摘 | Weinrieb R M Auriacombe M Lynch K G | 2003 | J Clin Psychiatry2003，64，12： | 1 |
| 11 | Steroids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis:a prospective assessment of adverse reactions,response to therapy,and survival 显示文摘 | Flaherty K R Toews G B Lynch J P 3 rd | 2001 | Am J Med2001，110，4： | 1 |
| 12 | The effect of celecoxib a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adennomatous polyposis显示文摘 | Steinbach G Lynch PM Philips R | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Toward silicon-based lasers for Terahertz sources显示文摘 | Lynch S A Paul D J Townsend P Matmon G M Suet Z Kelsall R W Ikonic Z Harrison P Zhang J Noriss D J Cullis A G Pidgeon C R Murzyn P Murdin B Bain M Gamble H S Zhao M Ni W X | | 0，，06： | 1 |
| 14 | PcrV antibody-antibiotic combination improves survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected mice 显示文摘 | Song Y Baer M Srinivasan R Lima J Yarranton G Beb- bington C Lynch SV | 2012 | Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2012，31，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Influx of Na+,K+ and Ca2+ into roots of salt-stressed cotton seedling; effects of supplemental显示文摘 | CRAMER G R LYNCH J LA(U)CHLI A | 1987 | Plant Physiology1987，83，： | 1 |
| 16 | The effect of cele coxib, a cyelooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis显示文摘 | Steinbach G Lynch PM Philips R | 2011 | N Engl J Med2011，342，26： | 1 |
| 17 | The effect of moisture stress at three growth stages on the yield, components of yield and processing quality of eight potato cultivars显示文摘 | LYNCH D R FOROUD N KOZUB G C | 1995 | Am Potato J1995，72，： | 1 |
| 18 | Ac- tivation of histamine H2 receptors ameliorates experi- mental allergic encephalomyelitis 显示文摘 | EMERSON M R ORENTAS D M LYNCH S G | 2002 | Neuroreport2002，13，11： | 1 |
| 19 | Clarifying taxonomy and nomenclature of Fothergilla ( Hamamelidaceae ) cultivars and hybrids 显示文摘 | Ranney T G Lynch N P Frantz P R | 2007 | HortScience2007，42，3： | 1 |
| 20 | The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis显示文摘 | STEINBACH G LYNCH P M PHILLIPS R K | 2000 | N Engl J Med2000，342，26： | 1 |
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